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Subaqueous Soils “A New Frontier in Soil Survey” Rob Tunstead USDA-NRCS Presented at: NJWMC/BBP Meeting February 6, 2013 Subaqueous Soil Survey for Barnegat Bay Rob Tunstead USDA-NRCS Define Soil • Comprised of horizons • and layers that undergo additions, losses, transfers, and transformations of energy and / or Has the ability or capacity to support rooted plants (Eelgrass / Widgeon) in a natural environment. Subaqueous History • Traditional soil survey conducted on land. Little work in wetlands and tidal marshes until the 1970’s (agricultural). • In 1993 – Submerged Soils: A New Frontier in Soil Survey by George Demas published in Soil Survey Horizons. • George pioneered the concept of Subaqueous Soils, differentiating them from sediment. George Demas Subaqueous Soil • Sediments with a positive water potential at the soil surface for more than 21 hours of each day. The water column is shallow (< 2.5 m/8.2 feet). Wassists and Wassents. • Soil must be capable of or presently supporting rooted plants in the natural environment and/or they must show evidence of horizon definition due to soil forming processes. • Four soil forming processes exist: additions, losses, transfers, and transformations are active in subaqueous environments. A Subaqueous Soil Survey is an inventory of: • Landforms, topography of the subaqueous land surface • Soil Resource boundaries, and • Soil Characteristics Subaqueous Soil Surveys include: • Bathymetric Maps • Soil Survey Maps • Soil Series Descriptions • Soil Interpretive Tables Subaqueous Soil Survey Components • Bathymetric Maps (USGS) Bathymetric data is collected in order to generate a contour map of the subaqueous landscapes. Like terrestrial soil surveys, an understanding of the soil-landscape relationship is fundamental to delineating soil units in the subaqueous environment. Landforms = energy = soil type Bathymetric Maps Subaqueous Soil Survey Components • Bathymetric Maps help identify those • areas that are similar and dissimilar to one another. After you group these landscape and landform units together you can begin to identify the subaqueous areas needing field investigation and document their soil characteristics accordingly. Soil Survey is a “landform / SOIL predicting game” sometimes your right & sometimes your wrong, this is the fun, it’s even better being wrong as you learn more about the system Bathymetric Maps Barnegat Subaqueous Landforms (Each Landform below has it’s own Soil Facies) (Soil facies are distinctive soils that form under certain soil forming factors reflecting their process or environment.) • • • • • Dredge Channel Dredge-Deposit Shoal Estuarine Tidal Creeks Lagoon Bottom Storm Surge Washoverfan Flat • Flood-tidal Delta Sand Flat • Flood-tidal Delta Channel • Flood-tidal Delta Sand Flat (relict) • Flood-tidal Delta Slope • • • • • (relict) Flood-tidal Delta Slope Submerged Wave-cut Platform Submerged Mainland Beach Mainland Cove Shoal Barnegat Bay Landform Map Subaqueous Soil Survey Components • Soil Survey Map Soil Survey Maps identify the location, boundaries and distribution of different soil types (series) with water depths Subaqueous soil field descriptions, field notes and investigations, vibra-cores, and laboratory data are used to identify and delineate subaqueous soil mapping units Soil Map (Preliminary) Soils Map (Preliminary Extent) BB Subaqueous SS Legend BB Subaqueous Soil Classification Table Barnegat Bay Field Documentation 2012 • 83 Field Notes • • • Collected Classified to the Soil Series Level Fully Attributed (ArcMap) field notes 2012 Field Season – August 8th – October 25th (late start) Field Note & Description Sampling Tools McCauly (Russian) Peat Auger McCauly (Russian) Peat Auger Field Note & Description Field Note & Description Texture, soil strength, & sulfide sniff Field Note & Description 2013 Equipment Example Field Note (FN56) Soil Survey Documentation Field Notes FN56 Attributes Herring Creek Soil Series Map Unit Description (example) Soil Landform / Landscape Model Soil Map (Preliminary) Core Analysis X-Ray Fluorescence -Heavy metal data 18 elements. -KSSL Analysis – Particle size, Db and moisture, Total C, N, S, Inorganic C, EC and pH, CEC & Bases, Major elements, trace metals, mineralogy (optical or XRD), etc. Rapid data collection. Build NASIS (National Soil Information System) Barnegat Soil Survey 2012 Discoveries • There are several relict inlets (8 former inlets • • that no longer exist??) More will be discovered (Carvel Island) There is a considerable amount of carbon sequestration in the soils on the western portion of the bay (Herring Creek, Southpoint, & Tumagan) Western portions of the bay – As sea level rose from the former glaciation (ice melt to the north) many former Atlantic White Cedar swamps were flooded and preserved by the Bay (marine silts over peat and muck). Barnegat Soil Survey 2012 Discoveries • Relict flood tidal deltas and washover fans • • • • (Indian River & Demas) have the most amount of SAV (eelgrass & widgeon). These soils occur mostly on the eastern portions of the bay. The soils of the bay contain a significant amount of sulfidic materials. 12 different Soil Series mapped 14 different landforms identified 23 different map or mapping units comprise the soils legend to date Barnegat Bay Subaqueous Soil Survey Milestones • Year 1 (2012) – Acquire bathymetry and • • determine / generate basic soils and landform map (reimbursable for product) Complete!! Year 2 (2013) – Map, sample, transect, progressively correlate, and begin NASIS build for entire bay (build on current data) Year 3 (2014) – Complete NASIS, final correlation, and publish / commit soil survey to the Soil Data Mart (SDM) / Web Soil Survey (WSS) Subaqueous Soil Survey Uses Include: Identity and protect potential SAV habitat (shellfish and finfish nursery) Identify areas for creation of estuarine habitat i.e. coastal bird nesting islands, restocking of shellfish Assess site potential for managing eelgrass (SAV) remediation/restoration Evaluate sediment sources as potential contributors to eutrophication Determine cause of habitat loss (physical, chemical and biological) Provide consistent and comprehensive baseline soils data that was previously unavailable for Barnegat Bay Vegetation prevalence map Additional Subaqueous Soil Survey Uses Evaluate and identify soil carbon storage capabilities Evaluate potential for eliminating noxious/invasive weeds common Characterize sediments/soil (nutrients, pH, pollutants, metal contamination) Manage the shoreline resource by identifying high erosion and depositional areas Evaluate barrier beach dynamics (Relict Inlets) Assess site potential for pier/piling, dock and mooring placement Manage dredge activities & acid sulfate weathering potentials (evaluate areas needing removal/replenishment and identify source materials) Benthic Site ID and preservation ID stable and dynamic estuarine environments Soils Map • Soil Map Subaqueous Soil Surveys Freshwater areas in RI • Sinepuxent & Chincoteague Bays, MD • Rehoboth Bay, DE • Ninigret Pond, Greenwich Bay, Point • • • • Judith Pond, RI Little Narragansett Bay, CT & RI Taunton Bay, ME Cedar Key, FL Padre Island, TX Thank you Partners! • The Barnegat Bay • • • • • • • • • • Partnership USEPA Ocean County College NJ – DEP US Geological Survey US Fish & Wildlife Service NOAA ReClam the Bay Ocean County Health Dpt. Ocean County Soil Distict Rutgers University • • • • • • • Stockton College American Littoral Society US Army Corp of Engineers Monmouth University NJ Pinelands Commission Rider University Ocean County Parks Department