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Transcript
What does Ecology study? Ecology Eco- oikos - house Is the study of the interactions among living things and their environment Levels of Organization • Organism – Individual living thing • Population – All the members of the same species in a given area and time • Community – All the different populations in the same area at a given time • Ecosystem – Includes all the living and nonliving factors in a given area • Biome – Major region community of organisms characterized by climatic conditions • Biosphere – The area where living things can inhabit An Ecosystem consists of all the living and nonliving factors in a given area Biotic – Living things or influences from living things – Competition – Predation Use the diagram above to list the factors Abiotic – Non-living factors – Weather, humidity, sunlight, soil, sound, wind… Biotic Abiotic What is meant by Biodiversity? Biodiversity • The variety of living things in an ecosystem. • Highest in the rainforest • Only covers 7% of earth but contains 50% of the biodiversity of species • • Lowest in the tundra or desert Depends on factors such as moisture and temperature. Is there an species that has an unusually large effect on its ecosystem? Keystone species holds together an ecosystem Beavers with their dams Confers in the taiga Should the keystone species disappear, there would be major changes to the ecosystem An ecological food pyramid shows the flow of energy in an ecosystem Consumer Heterotroph Autotroph Producer Most of the energy is found in the producers Herbivores come next Least amount of energy in the carnivores and the top level consumers A food chain is a sequence of feeding that links species by their feeding relationships. Producer Plant Producer Plant 1st Consumer Herbivore 1st Consumer Herbivore 2nd Top consumer Carnivore Top consumer Carnivore 2nd Consumer 3rd level consumer Top consumer Carnivores ……………………………………………. This diagram below shows the full food chain for bears during salmon season when the bears are carnivorous, starting with algae at the base of the salmon food chain. If a human eats the bear, then he/she is eating at 1 step higher in the food chain than the bear. Identify each level. Put these organisms into a food web And in the end, where does all the energy end up? The decomposers, which are fungus & bacteria, recycle the nutrients in dead matter and return them to the ecosystem Is a food chain a realistic representation of food relationships in an ecosystem? What else may eat the grass, the grasshopper, the frog, or the snake? Food webs Shows the complex network of feeding relationships and the flow of energy within and sometimes, beyond the ecosystem Examine the food web shown below. Identify the various trophic levels Producers Primary Consumers Secondary Consumers Tertiary Consumers Top Consumers Just as the energy needs to be cycled through the living organisms in an ecosystem, so do the non-living factors such as O2, CO2, Water and Nitrogen Biogeochemical cycles move particular chemicals or elements through the biotic and abiotic parts of the ecosystem. • Water Cycle – Cycles water through precipitation, condensation, runoff and evaporation • Carbon Cycle – Cycles CO2 and O2 through photosynthesis and respiration • Nitrogen Cycle – Cycles atmospheric nitrogen through bacteria in the soil to the plants and then to the animals Water Cycle Cycles water through condensation, precipitation, evaporation, runoff and transpiration precipitation condensation transpiration evaporation surface runoff lake water storage in ocean groundwater Carbon/Oxygen Cycle Cycles through respiration (CO2 in) and photosynthesis (CO2 out) Carbon Cycle Cycles between CO2 produced by respiration & combustion, O2 produced by photosynthesis, carbon dioxide in air respiration combustion photosynthesis respiration decomposition of organisms fossil fuels photosynthesis carbon dioxide dissolved in water Nitrogen Cycle Bacteria take atmospheric nitrogen (N2), convert it to a form which plants can use (ammonium). They also decompose dead matter and then return the N2 to the atmosphere. nitrogen in atmosphere animals plant nitrates nitrogen-fixing bacteria in roots decomposers nitrifying bacteria ammonification nitrogen-fixing bacteria in soil nitrites ammonium nitrifying bacteria denitrifying bacteria Cycling of Matter--Nitrogen Waste, Atmospheric N2, Plants, Bacteria, Denitrification, Soil N, Nitrogen fixation, Decomposition Atmospheric N2 bacteria waste decomposition denitrification Soil N plants Nitrogen fixation What happens to all the energy as it flows through each trophic level? Is all of it transferred? Observe the energy pyramid shown below. Which trophic level will contain the most collective energy ___________________ Which will have the least amount of collective energy stored in it? _____________________ How is energy lost at each trophic level? Think of a word you learned at the start of the school year when we discussed the characteristics of all living things METABOLISM!!! – Organisms use the energy to keep it going – Moving – Digesting – Absorbing – Reproducing Most of the energy is lost as heat!!!! Only 10% of the energy is actually transferred to the next trophic level If only 10% is transferred and 90% is lost, which organisms on this food pyramid would one be better off eating? Most of the energy is in the producers. Think of how much food the lion must eat to keep up its metabolism!!!