Download Expansion of Islamic territory by The Rightly Guided Caliphs: Ali (RA)

The word
Khilafah ‫(خلیفہ‬Caliphate),
came from
the Arabic root word, 'Khalifah,'
which means
“Successor”
i.e. someone who
succeeds another person
It also means:
vicegerent, deputy , trustee.
Khalifatullah
Allah Almighty made
Adam (‫)علیہ السالم‬
His vicegerent on earth‫۔‬
We read in the Holy Qur'an:
ْ
ْ
َ
َ
َ
ٌ
َ
َ
ْ
َ
ْ
‫ل‬
ْ
َ
َ
َ
َ
ً ِ
َ
ْ
‫ع‬
‫م‬
‫ل‬
ُّ
ِ
ِ
‫ج‬
ۗ ‫ض ِل يفة‬
ِ ‫واِ ذ قال ربك لۗ ِٕبك ِة اِ نى جا ل فى اْلر‬
Behold! when your Lord said to the angels,
"I will create a vicegerent on the earth."
(2:30)
Traditionally been
considered a shortening of
either the term KhaliatuAllah (“Successor of Allah”)
or Khalifat-ur-Rasul
(“Successor of Messenger
of Allah Ta’ala”)
Definition of Khalifah/Khilafat
'Khalifah' or vicegerent is one who
exercises the authority delegated
to him by his principal, and does
so in the capacity of his deputy
and agent.
Hence, whatever authority he
possesses is not inherently his own,
but is derived from, and
circumscribed by, the limits set by his
principal. A vicegerent is not entitled
to do what he pleases, but is obliged
to carry out the will of his master.
‫‪To govern a state by “Sharia’ah” is to rule through‬‬
‫‪the Caliphate keeping in view the directions of‬‬
‫‪Quran as under:‬‬
‫ُ‬
‫َ َ ْجك ْ َبيْ َن ُه ْ َ َ ْ َ َ َ َ َبيَّ ِي ْ َ ْ َ َ ُه ْ َ ْ َ ْ ُه ْ َ ْ َّي ْ ُ ْ َ َ ْ َي ْع َ َ ْ َ َ‬
‫ض ما انزل‬
‫وا ِن َا َم م ِبماْ ان َز َّل ا ُّٰلل ْ َو ْْل َ ع ُاهواۗء َ ْم و ُّياجذ ْرَ ُ ْم ا َ ْن فيِن ُو ُك ْعنۗ َّ َِ‬
‫اّللُٰ اِ ْيك ۗ َ اِق ن تول ْوا َقاعلم ا َّ َما نر ْب ُد ا ُّٰلل ان ِصينهم بِيعض ذت ْو ِب ِهم ۗ َواِ ن ك ِث ْي ًرا منَ‬
‫ب ِ‬
‫ِ‬
‫َّ ل َل س ُ ْ َ‬
‫اس ف ِ قون(سورۃ املائدۃ۔‪)49‬‬
‫الي ِ‬
‫پس اے نبی ﷺ ‪ ،‬تم ہللا کے نازل کردہ قانون کے مطابق ان لوگوں کے‬
‫معامالت کا فیصلہ کرو ان کی خواہشات کی پیروی نہ کرو۔ ہوشیار‬
‫ُ‬
‫رہو کہ یہ لوگ تم کو فتنہ میں ڈال کر اس ہدایت سے ذرہ برابر‬
‫منحرف نہ کر نے پائیں جو خدا نے تمہاری طرف نازل کی ےہ ۔ پھر‬
‫اگر یہ اس سے منہ موڑیں تو جان لو کہ ہللا نے ان کے بعض گناہوں‬
‫کی پاداش میں ان کو مبتالئے مصیبت کر نے کا ارادہ ہ ی کرلیا ےہ ‪،‬اور‬
‫یہ حقیقت ےہ کہ ان لوگوں میں سے اکثر فاسق ہیں۔(‪)49‬‬
Therefore, judge bet-ween them
(O Muhammad!) by what Allah has
revealed and do not follow their
desires, and beware lest they tempt
you away from anything of what Allah
has revealed to you. And if they turn
away, then know well that Allah has
indeed decided to afflict them for
some of their sins. For surely many of
them are transgressors.
History of Khilafah
The first four caliphs are known to
Islamic history as the “rightly guided
caliphs”. They were all closely
related to Muhammad(‫)ﷺ‬, and were
known for their personal qualities of
leadership, and of Muslim piety.
During their reigns, despite the
challenges and instability that
they had to deal with, the
Caliphate grew from being a
purely Arabian power into the
largest empire up to that point in
world history, covering territory
from Egypt in the west to Persia
in the east.
The role models to Muslims
after Prophet Muhammad (‫)ﷺ‬
are his four immediate rightlyguided companions ( ‫خلفائے‬
‫)راشدین‬.
The Prophet (‫ )ﷺ‬mentioned that
it was imperative for any caliph
after him to emulate him in the
way he implemented the Islamic
Law as well as ruling Muslims.
All Muslims are unanimous in
their recognition that those
four rightly-guided caliphs are
the best human-beings after
prophets and messengers.
They set a good example in
leadership, adherence to the
tenets of Islam, humbleness‫۔‬
The first four rightly-guided
companions
of
Prophet
Muhammad (‫ )ﷺ‬emulated him
in the following aspects as
well as others with regard to
leadership:
Expansion of Islamic territory by The
Rightly Guided Caliphs:
Abu Bakr (RA)
Abu Bakr (‫)رضی ہللا عنہ‬, the first caliph,
lives no more than two years after the
death of Muhammad. Even so, within
this brief time Muslim armies have
begun their astonishing expansion,
subduing the whole of Arabia and
striking as far north as Palestine.
Abu Baker was faced with many
oppositions, the most stubborn of
which was rebellion in Yamama
and peoples' recantation of faith.
‫ طلیحہ اسدی‬،‫ مسیلمہ‬،‫اسود عنسی‬
Expansion of Islamic territory by
The Rightly Guided Caliphs:
Omar (RA)
Abu Bakr (‫ )رضی ہللا عنہ‬is
succeeded in 634 by Omar ( ‫رضی‬
‫( )ہللا عنہ‬another father-in-law of
Muhammad), who in 638
captures Jerusalem. Six years
later Omar is stabbed and killed in
the mosque at Medina - for
personal reasons,
it seems, by a Persian
craftsman living in Kufa.
Omar (RA) was the best
Conqueror and the best
administrator of State.
Majlis ash-Shura (the
consultative body)
Six years later Omar is
stabbed and killed in the
mosque at Medina - for
personal reasons, it seems,
by a Persian craftsman living
in Kufa.
Omar (RA) was the best
Conqueror and the best
administrator of State.
Majlis ash-Shura (the
consultative body)
Expansion of Islamic territory by The
Rightly Guided Caliphs:
Othman (RA)
Othman (‫)رضی ہللا عنہ‬, chosen as the third
caliph, is a son-in-law of Muhammad. By
the end of his reign, in 656, Arabs have
conquered as far afield as north Africa,
Turkey and Afghanistan.
Hazrat Usman was called ‫جامع القرآن‬
compiler of Quran
He united all the whole Muslim world on
one Qirat that was in accent of Quresh.
Expansion of Islamic territory by The
Rightly Guided Caliphs:
Ali (RA)
Othman (‫)رضی ہللا عنہ‬, like his
predecessor, is assassinated but this time by rebellious
Muslims. They choose Ali ( ‫رضی‬
‫)ہللا عنہ‬, another son-in-law of
Muhammad, as the fourth caliph.
CHARACTERISTICS OF
KHILAFAT-E-RASHIDA
Democracy
In Western democracy the people are
sovereign, in Islam sovereignty is vested
in Allah and the people are His caliphs or
representatives. In the former the people
make their own laws; in the latter they
have to follow and obey the laws
(Shari‘ah) given by Allah through His
Prophet. In one the Government
undertakes to fulfil the will of the people;
in the other Government and the people
alike have to do the will of Allah. Western
democracy is a kind of absolute authority
which exercises its powers in a free and
uncontrolled manner, whereas Islamic
democracy is subservient to the Divine
Law and exercises its authority in
accordance with the injunctions
of Allah and within the limits prescribed by
Him
Fundamental Rights
Although an Islamic state may be set up
anywhere on earth, Islam does not seek to
restrict human rights or privileges to the
geographical limits of its own state. Islam
has laid down universal fundamental rights
for humanity as a whole, which are to be
observed and respected in all
circumstances irrespective of whether a
person lives on the territory of the Islamic
state or outside it and whether he is at
peace with the state or at war.
For example, human blood is sacred
and may not be spilled without
justification; it is not permissible to
oppress women, children, old people,
the sick or the wounded; woman’s
honour and chastity must be
respected in all circumstances; and
the hungry must be fed, the naked
clothed, and the wounded or
diseased treated medically.
Executive and Legislature
The responsibility for the administration
of the Government in an Islamic state
is entrusted to an Amir (leader) who
may be likened to the President or the
Prime Minister in a Western
democratic state. All adult men and
women who accept the fundamentals
of the constitution are entitled to vote in
the election for the leader.
The basic qualifications for the election of
an Amir are that he should command the
confidence of the largest number of people
in respect of his knowledge and grasp of
the spirit of Islam; he should possess the
Islamic attribute of fear of Allah; he should
be endowed with the quality of
statesmanship. In short, he should be both
able and virtuous.
A Shura (consultative council)
A Shura (consultative council), elected by
the people, will assist and guide the Amir.
It is obligatory for the Amir to administer
the country with the advice of his Shura.
The Amir can retain office only so long as
he enjoys the confidence of the people,
and must resign when he loses this
confidence. Every citizen has the right to
criticise the Amir and his Government, and
all responsible means for the expression
of public opinion should be available.
Legislation in an Islamic State
Legislation in an Islamic state should
be within the limits prescribed by the
Shari‘ah. The injunctions of Allah and
His Prophet are to be accepted and
obeyed and no legislative body can
alter or modify them or make any new
laws which are contrary to their spirit.
Judiciary in Islam
In Islam the judiciary is not placed
under the control of the executive. It
derives its authority directly from the
Shari‘ah and is answerable to Allah.
The judges will obviously be
appointed by the Government but,
once appointed, will have to
administer justice impartially
according to the law of Allah.
Welfare State
The Islamic state is an ideological
state; hence it can be run only by the
people who believe in its ideology.
However, a people who do not believe
in its ideology but are willing to live in
its boundary and accept its laws, will be
entitled to all the civic rights which the
believers enjoy.
Ideal State
The Islamic state will provide equality to all
its citizens regardless of their color, race
language and their regional identity.
Anybody wherever he/she lives is entitled to
its citizenship if he/ she believes in its
ideology and abides by its laws and
principles.
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