Download Studyguide 2 of the Digestive System

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Studyguide 2 on the Digestive System –
Small Intestine through Anus
1. What are the dimensions (length and width) of the small intestine?
2. In order, what are the 3 sections of the small intestine and how long is each section?
3. Which (one) of these 3 sections receives the secretions from the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas?
4. What 3 types of structures increase the surface area in the small intestine?
5. Why is it to an organism’s benefit to increase the surface area of the small intestine?
(Plant roots have root hairs for this same reason.)
6.
Plicae
and rugae
appear very similar.
Which of these structures disappears as the organ fills with food chyme?
Which of these structures is permanent and does not disappear as the organ fills with chyme?
7. What is at the core of each villus?
8. Study this picture carefully. Then label the plicae, villi, and microvilli. You may use a textbook or
internet for help if needed.
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9. What do the columnar cells of the brush border do?
10. Enterokinase is a brush border enzyme that activates trypsin, a proenzyme is similar to pepsin in the
stomach. Why does this proenzyme need to be activated?
11. What do the goblet cells do?
12. What do the enterocytes (enteroendocrine cells) do?
13. The Paneth cell is within an intestinal crypt. What does an intestinal crypt do?
14. What are the 2 movements in small intestine?
15. How does the strength of peristalsis in the small intestine compare with peristalsis in the stomach?
16. How is segmentation different from peristalsis?
17. How does segmentation help us absorb more nutrients within the chyme?
18. Label the drawing below with the following structures: stomach, pancreas, gallbladder, right lobe of
the liver, duodenum, pancreatic duct, right hepatic duct, left hepatic duct, common hepatic duct, cystic
duct, common bile duct
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19. The duodenum receives secretions through the Sphincter of Oddi from what 3 accessory organs?
20. List the 4 lobes of the liver?
21. What is the function of the gallbladder?
22. Bile is a greenish liquid what is released into the small intestine. What is the main function of bile?
23. Where is bile made?
24. THINK: Gall stones are sometimes formed in the gallbladder from bile that becomes too concentrated.
If the gallbladder is removed, what will happen to the bile when the person is not eating?
25. The liver has a number of functions including the production of bile. The microscopic working parts
of the liver are called lobules. How many lobules exist in an average-sized liver?
26. Label the drawing below with the following structures: hepatocytes, sinusoids, bile canaliculi, branch
of the hepatic artery, branch of the portal vein, bile duct, central vein (venule)
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27. What is the major function of the blood coming to the liver from a branch of the hepatic portal vein?
28. What is the major function of the blood coming to the liver from a branch of the hepatic artery?
29. What is the name of the cells within the lobule that makes the bile?
30. What are the 4 main components of bile?
31. In addition to making bile, what other 3 important functions does the liver have in regards to
metabolic (nutrient) regulation?
32. The liver also helps our circulatory system maintain healthy blood. Phagocytic Kupffer cells are
located within the sinusoids. What purpose do these cells serve?
33. The Pancreas is another vital organ. There is an exocrine and an endocrine portion to the pancreas.
Using your textbook, determine how these two terms, exocrine and endocrine, differ.
34. The pancreatic juice contains the following enzymes to help break down which macromolecules?
 trypsin, elastase, carboxypeptidase, and chymotrypsin  break down ___________
 lipases  break down _________________
 nucleases  break down _______________ and simple sugars
 maltase, lactase, sucrase  break down _________________________
35. What do the acinar cells of the pancreas secrete?
36. Why is the secretion of the acinar cells so important to small intestine pH?
37. What do the Islets of Langerhans do?
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38. The pancreas also secretes the hormones secretin and Cholecystokinin (CCK). Where / into what are
these hormones released?
39. Once the food has passed through the small intestine, it enters the large intestine. How do the
dimensions of the large intestine differ from the small intestine?
40. What are the 3 main functions of the large intestine?
41. Use the list of terms to label the 6 sections of the large intestine: cecum, ascending colon, transverse
colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, and rectum
42. On which section would you find the appendix?
43. Which section is similar in function to the stomach a holding tank) in some mammals?
44. What are haustra?
45. What is haustral churning?
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46. How do the internal and external anal sphincters differ?
47. What are hemorrhoids?
48. How long does it take for the large intestine to solidify the chyme that came from the small intestine?
49. After a large meal, many people experience mass peristalsis. What is this?
50. Why are taking antibiotics actually upsetting for the colon?
51. When do we sense that we need to defecate?
52. What should happen (and hopefully does) if we cannot go to the bathroom right away?
53. List 6 components of feces?
54. Which of these components gives feces its characteristic brown color?
55. Which of these components gives feces its characteristic smell?