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AP Biology
Cellular Energy
Unit Key Concepts:
3.1
An organism’s metabolism transforms matter and energy, subject to the
laws of thermodynamics
3.2
The free-energy change of a reaction tells us whether the reaction occurs
spontaneously
3.3
ATP powers cellular work by coupling exergonic reactions to endergonic
reactions
3.4
Enzymes speed up metabolic reactions by lowering energy barriers
3.5
Regulation of enzyme activity helps control metabolism
3.6
Catabolic pathways yield energy by oxidizing organic fuels
3.7
Glycolysis harvests chemical energy by oxidizing glucose to pyruvate
3.8
The citric acid cycle completes the energy yielding oxidation of organic
molecules
3.9
During oxidative phosphorylation chemiosmosis couples electron
transport to ATP synthesis
3.10
Fermentation enables some cells to produce ATP without the use of
oxygen
3.11
Glycolysis and the citric acid cycle connect to many other metabolic
pathways
3.12
Photosynthesis converts light energy to the chemical energy of food
3.13
The light reactions convert solar energy to the chemical energy of ATP
and NADPH
3.14 The Calvin cycle uses ATP and NADPH to convert CO2 to sugar
3.15 Alternative mechanisms of carbon fixation have evolved in hot, arid
climates
Sample
Essay
Sample
FRQs
AP Energy Unit.doc
2/8/17
Unit Vocabulary:
Chapter 8
Metabolism, metabolic pathway,
catabolic pathway, anabolic pathway,
bioenergetics, energy, kinetic energy,
heat (thermal energy), potential energy,
chemical energy, first law of
thermodynamics, entropy, second law
of thermodynamics, free energy,
exergonic reaction, endergonic
reaction, energy coupling, adenosine
triphosphate (ATP), phosphorylated,
catalyst, enzyme, activation energy,
substrate, enzyme-substrate complex,
active site, induced fit, cofactors,
coenzymes, competitive inhibitors,
noncompetitive inhibitors, allosteric
regulation, cooperativity, feedback
inhibition
Chapter 9
Fermentation, cellular respiration,
redox reactions, oxidation, reduction,
reducing agent, oxidizing agent, NAD+,
electron transport chain, glycolysis,
citric acid cycle, oxidative
phosphorylation, substrate-level
phosphorlyation, acetyl CoA,
cytochromes, ATP synthase,
chemiosmosis, proton-motive force,
aerobic, anaerobic, alcohol
fermentation, lactic acid fermentation,
facultative anaerobes, beta oxidation
Chapter 10
Photosynthesis, autotrophs,
heterotrophs, chlorophyll, mesophyll,
stomata, stroma, thylakoids, light
reactions, Calvin cycle, NADP+,
photophosphorylation, carbon fixation,
wavelength, electromagnetic spectrum,
visible light, photons,
spectrophotometer, absorption
spectrum, chlorophyll a, action
spectrum, chlorophyll b, carotenoids,
photosystem, light- harvesting complex,
reaction center, primary electron
acceptor, photosystem II, photosystem
I, noncyclic electron flow, cyclic
electron flow, glyceraldehydes-3phosphate (G3P), rubisco, C3 plants,
photorespiration, C4 plants, bundlesheath cells, mesophyll cells, PEP
carboxylase, CAM plants
1. Energy transfer occurs in all cellular activities. For 3 of the following 5 processes involving energy
transfer, explain how each functions in the cell and give an example. Explain how ATP is involved in each
example you choose.
a. Cellular movement
b. Active transport
c. Synthesis of molecules
d. Chemiosmosis
e. Fermentation
2. Describe the similarities and differences between the biochemical pathways of aerobic respiration and
photosynthesis in eukaryotic cells. Include in your discussion the major reactions, the end products, and
energy transfers.
3.
Explain how the molecular reactions of photosynthesis transform light energy into chemical bond energy.
Include in your discussion the relationship between chloroplast structure and light and dark reactions.
AP Energy Unit.doc
2/8/17
Cellular Energy Unit
Study guide
Chapter 8: An Introduction to Metabolism
1. Explain the role of catabolic and anabolic pathways in cellular metabolism.
2. Distinguish between potential and kinetic energy.
3. Explain the first and second laws of thermodynamics.
4. Write and define each component of the equation for change in free energy (ΔG).
5. Distinguish between exergonic and endergonic reactions in terms of free energy (spontaneous vs.
non-spontaneous reactions).
6. List some types of cellular work and how a cell obtains the energy to do cellular work.
7. Describe the structure and function of ATP.
8. Diagram and explain the ADP/ATP cycle.
Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration- Harvesting Chemical Energy
1. In general, distinguish between fermentation and cellular respiration.
2. Write the equation for cellular respiration.
3. Distinguish between oxidation and reduction.
4. Explain how redox reactions are involved in energy exchanges.
5. Describe the role of NAD+ and electron transport chains in cellular respiration.
6. Name the three stages of cellular respiration and the location in the cell of each stage.
7. Explain the process of glycolysis.
8. Identify the reactants and products of glycolysis and distinguish between the energy investment
and energy payoff phases of this first step of respiration.
9. List the reactants and products of the Krebs (citric acid) Cycle.
10. Explain why this second step is considered a “cycle”.
11. Distinguish between substrate-level and oxidative phosphorylation.
12. Identify the reactants and products of the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis.
13. Explain where and how the electron transport chain creates a concentration gradient.
14. Summarize the net ATP yield from the oxidation of a single molecule of glucose.
15. Explain why it isn’t possible to state an exact number of ATP molecules generated by the
oxidation of glucose.
16. Compare and contrast lactic acid fermentation with alcohol fermentation.
Chapter 10: Photosynthesis
1. Distinguish between autotrophic and heterotrophic nutrition.
2. Describe the structure of the chloroplast, listing all membranes and compartments (thylakoid,
grana.. etc)
3. Write a summary equation for photosynthesis.
4. Explain the role of redox reactions in photosynthesis.
5. Describe the two main stages of photosynthesis.
6. Identify the wavelengths of light that are most effect for photosynthesis.
7. List the components of photosystems II and I and explain the function of each part.
8. Trace the movement of electrons in non-cyclic electron flow (the light reactions) compared to
cyclic electron flow (in the Calvin Cycle).
9. Describe the role of ATP and NADPH in the Calvin cycle.
10. Describe what happens to rubisco when O2 concentration is much higher than CO2 concentration.
11. Describe two important photosynthetic adaptations that minimize photorespiration.
AP Energy Unit.doc
2/8/17