Download Science of Biology

Science of Biology
By:
Parviz Heidari
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elements of life
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Organic Molecules
Organic molecules are molecules composed of
carbons and hydrogen, and often containing
other elements such as phosphorus, sulfur,
oxygen and nitrogen
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the hierarchy of life
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Population
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Community
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The Characteristics of Living Things
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Great Complexity & Organization
Reproduction & Development
Composed of Cells
Mechanism for Inheritance
Metabolism & Homeostasis
Interaction with the environment
Evolution (Adaptation)
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Cellular Organization
Prokaryotic
Eukaryotic
• cells don’t contain membrane-bound organelles
• cells contain membrane-bound organelles
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Macromolecules
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Carbohydrates
There are two types:
- The simple sugars
Glucose, sucrose, fructose, …
- The complex carbohydrates
long chains of sugars (Starches, cellulose, glycogen)
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The simple sugars
• All carbohydrates are made up of units of sugar (also
called saccharide units).
• Carbohydrates that contain only one sugar unit are
called monosaccharides.
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The simple sugars
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The complex carbohydrates
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Proteins
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20 types of Amino acids
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Proteins
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Proteins
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Proteins structure
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Nucleic Acids
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Nucleic Acids
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Nucleic Acids
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Bases
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DNA forms
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0.1 Nano = 1 Angstrom
Lipids
• Insoluble water
• Fats are a sub group of lipids
• Other lipids include waxes, and steroids, such as cholesterol
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Fats
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Saturated and unsaturated fatty acid
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Cell and cell structures
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Cell
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Cell Division
 Mitosis
 Meiosis
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Mitosis
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Meiosis
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Crossing over
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Cell organelle
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Ribosome
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Cell membrane
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passive and active transport
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Endoplasmic Reticulum
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Golgi Apparatus
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Golgi Apparatus
• Present in most eukaryotic cells
• One major function is to modify, sort, and package proteins to be
secreted.
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Mitochondria
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Mitochondria
• Produce the energy
• Pyruvate and the citric acid cycle
• NADH and FADH2: the electron transport chain
• Heat production
• Storage of calcium ions
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Plasts
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Chloroplast
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Chloroplast
• The main role of chloroplasts is to conduct photosynthesis, where the
photosynthetic pigment chlorophyll captures the energy from sunlight and
converts it and stores it in the energy-storage molecules ATP and NADPH
while freeing oxygen from water.
• Function
Plant innate immunity
Photosynthesis
Energy carriers
Amino acid synthesis
Sugars and starches
….
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Microbodies
• Microbodies contain enzymes that participate in the preparatory or intermediate
stages of biochemical reactions within the cell.
• This facilitates the breakdown of fats, alcohols and amino acids.
• Generally microbodies are involved in detoxification of peroxides and in photo
respiration in plants.
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Different types of microbodies
Peroxisomes
• break down large molecules and detoxify
hazardous substances
Glyoxysomes
• convert stored lipids into carbohydrates
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Lysosomes
Spherical vesicles which contain hydrolytic enzymes
that can break down virtually all kinds of biomolecules
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Vacuole
• Containing waste products
• Containing water in plant cells
• Exporting unwanted substances from the cell
• Maintaining an acidic internal pH
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The Cell Nucleus
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Genetic inheritance
One chromosome from each pair is inherited from your mother
and one is inherited from your father. The chromosomes
contain the genes you inherit from your parents.
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Gregor Johann Mendel
• Austrian Monk, born in what is now Czech Republic in 1822
• Went to the university of Vienna, where he
studied botany and learned the Scientific Method
• Worked with pure lines of peas for eight years
• In 1866 he published Experiments in Plant hybridization
• Work was largely ignored for 34 years, until 1900, when 3
independent botanists rediscovered Mendel’s work.
Genetics terms you need to
know:
• Gene – a unit of heredity;
a section of DNA sequence
encoding a single protein
• Genome – the entire set
of genes in an organism
• Alleles – two genes that occupy the same position on homologous
chromosomes and that cover the same trait (like ‘flavors’ of a trait).
• Locus – a fixed location on a strand of DNA where a gene or one of
its alleles is located.
• Homozygous – having identical genes (one from each
parent) for a particular characteristic.
• Heterozygous – having two different genes for a
particular characteristic.
• Dominant – the allele of a gene that masks or
suppresses the expression of an alternate allele; the
trait appears in the heterozygous condition.
• Recessive – an allele that is masked by a dominant
allele; does not appear in the heterozygous condition,
only in homozygous.
• Genotype – the genetic makeup of an organisms
• Phenotype – the physical appearance
of an organism (Genotype + environment)
• Monohybrid cross: a genetic cross involving a single pair
of genes (one trait); parents differ by a single trait.
• P = Parental generation
• F1 = First filial generation; offspring from a genetic cross.
• F2 = Second filial generation of a genetic cross
Dihybrid cross
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Test cross
When you have an individual with an unknown
genotype, you do a test cross.
Test cross: Cross with a homozygous recessive
individual.
For example, a plant with purple flowers can either be
PP or Pp… therefore, you cross the plant with a pp
(white flowers, homozygous recessive)
P ?  pp
Test cross
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Incomplete Dominance
Snapdragon flowers come in many colors.
If you cross a red snapdragon (RR) with a white
snapdragon (rr)
You get PINK flowers (Rr)!
RR
Genes show incomplete dominance
when the heterozygous phenotype
is intermediate.

Rr
rr
Incomplete dominance
When F1 generation (all pink flowers) is self pollinated, the F2
generation is 1:2:1 red, pink, white
Incomplete Dominance
R
R
r
r
R R
Rr
Rr
rr
Incomplete dominance
What happens if you cross a pink with a white?

A pink with a red?

Gene structure
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Transcription
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Transcription
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Transcription
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