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Transcript
Catabolic Pathways and Glycolysis • The ability to do that work depends on catabolic process that harvest the potential energy found in organic molecules. The 2 catabolic processes that occur in organisms are fermentation (breakdown without O2)and cellular respiration (breakdown with O2). Chemical Energy and Food • Chemical energy can be found contained within the foods that we eat. Calories are the basic measurement of the energy contained in foods. – 1cal = 4.184J – 1000cal = 1kcal = 1Cal (standard for our food labeling) – The average diet is built around 2000Cal • Not all Calories are created equally – 1g carbohydrate = 4Cal – 1g protein = 4Cal – 1g fat = 9Cal • RDA recommendations – carbohydrate = 55% – protein = 15% – fat = 30% Cellular Respiration • primary catabolic pathway used in organisms to produce energy (ATP) – although fats & proteins can be broken down, glucose is the primary fuel used – C6H12O6 + 6O2 g 6CO2 + H2O + Energy (ATP & Heat) Stages of Cellular Respiration • Glycolysis • Citric Acid Cycle • Oxidative Phosphorylation • Catabolic process that degrades glucose into 2 Pyruvate molecules + 2 H2O molecules – occurs in the cytosol – requires the input of 2 ATP molecules and produces 4 ATPs (net of 2) – 2 NAD+ are reduced to 2 NADH + 2 H+ (net gain of 4e-) • Pyruvate is then transported into the mitochondria to begin the Citric Acid Cycle • Reaction does not require oxygen (anaerobic process) – No CO2 is produced! – All C atoms are present in the final products of the reactions • Simplified equation – Glucose + 2ATP + 2NAD+ g 2Pyruvate + 4ATP + 2NADH + 2H+ – The left side is called the Energy Investment phase – The right side is called the Energy Payoff phase Glycolysis