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Transcript
Fermentation and YOU!!! Lactic Acid Fermentation- Think about how your body is responding when you exercise - Muscles are working hard (USING ATP) - You are breathing heavy (NOT GETTING ENOUGH OXYGEN) These are prefect conditions for FERMENTATION - After a hard workout, why are your muscles sore? o Answer: Lactic acid has built up in the CYTOSOL - Alcoholic FermentationThis process is the basis of the beer and wine industry Yeast cells are added to a fermentation mixture, and ethyl alcohol accumulates Baking bread also depends on this type of fermentation Aerobic Respiration: - Anaerobic respiration is sufficient for most small, unicellular organisms - However, for organisms with higher energy requirements (like US), the low efficiency of glycolysis is not sufficient o Remember: after glycolysis, the cell must make a decision about what to do next - When OXYGEN is PRESENT in the cell, it chooses to carry out AEROBIC RESPIRATION 2 Main Steps - The KREBS (CITRIC ACID) CYCLE o Occurs in the matrix of the mitochondrion - Electron Transport Chain o Occurs on the inner membrane of the mitochondrion The KREBS CYCLE: - Pyruvic acid diffuses from the cytosol into the MATRIX of the Mitochondria - It is then CONVERTED into a 2- Carbon molecule called ACETYL CoA in a simple reaction that CREATES and RELEASES CO2 The history of the KREBS CYCLE: - Discovered by Hans Krebs, who is a German biochemist (1900-1981) - Sometimes it is also called the citric acid cycle THE KREBS CYCLE: Output: - 1 molecule of ACETYLE CoA is broken down by each turn of the cycle - Therefore, 1 glucose molecule causes 2 cycles There for, one molecule of glucose yields (produces) 6 molecules of NADH 2 Molecules of FADH2 2 Molecules of ATP 4 molecules of CO2 These molecules will be utilized will be utilized in the next (and final) step of respiration: THE ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN The Electron Transport Chain: - Occurs on the inner mitochondrial membrane - NADH and FADH2 contain high energy electrons that are passed along a transport chain (similar to the chain in the light reactions of photosynthesis) - The energy they released is used to PUMP PROTONS out of the MATRIX - CHEMIOSMOSIS: protons diffuse back into the matrix through the enzyme ATP synthase - Oxygen’s role = final electron acceptor - As electrons leave the transport chain, they are combined with oxygen and protons in order to form water…… o O2 + 4e- + 4H+ 2 H2O Energy Scorekeeping: - GYCOLYSIS and ANAEROBIC Respiration o Yields 2 ATP Per 1 Glucose Molecule o 3.5% Efficiency - Glycolysis and Aerobic Respiration o Yields a total of 38 ATP per 1 Glucose molecule o 66% efficiency