Download Organic Chemistry of Life

Organic Chemistry of Life - Notes !! pg 35
Atom:
Element:
___________________ – several elements chemically bonded together. Ex: Water Molecule - H2O
3 types of Chemical Bonds: Connect different elements together and store ________________ : more bonds = more ____________
 Ionic:

Covalent:

Hydrogen
Compounds that consist of many molecules (__________________) bonded together are called MACROMOLECULES or ______
I.
There are 4 major MACROMOLECULES (polymers) of biology
A. Pg 45 __________________________
1.
2.
Elements: Carbon, Hydrogen, ________________
a.
C H O in the following ratio (1:2:1)
b.
Example ____________________________
Subunits/monomer (smaller building blocks)
a.
__________________________________
i.
3.
Ex: Glucose, Fructose, Ribose or Deoxyribose molecules
b.
“Simple sugars”
c.
_________saccharides or carbohydrates are made by bonding several monosaccharides together
Examples of Carbs (also known as polymers or complex carbohydrates)
i.
___________________ – energy storage in plants - ____________________
ii.
___________________ – short term energy in animals (FIRST ENERGY USED)
iii.
___________________ – structural support for plants
i. Human digestive system cannot break down H - bonds b/t glucose molecules
which may cause _____________________________
4.
Function:
a.
Short term _____________________ Storage – Starch & Glycogen
b.
______________________support in plants – Cellulose
B. pg 46______________________________
1.
Elements: Carbon, Hydrogen, _________________
2.
Subunits/monomer
a.
Fatty Acid Chains (14-20 units long) & _______________________
i.
3.
Examples of Lipids
a.
b.
c.
4.
More chemical bonds = more energy to store
_______________________ Fats
i.
“Saturated” with Hydrogen atoms
ii.
Solid at room Temp
_______________________ Fats
i.
Have double bonds between two carbons which leaves less space C-H bonding
ii.
Liquid/Soft at room temperature
_________________________
i.
Cholesterol – used in the cell membrane for support
ii.
Hormones – Testosterone and Estrogen
Function:
a.
_______________________ term energy storage (fat) High energy molecules!
b.
_______________________ signals (hormones)
C. pg 47 __________________________________ (noted that the nucleus of the cell was acidic when first discovered)
1.
Elements: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen and _
2.
Subunits/monomers
a.
_________________________ (Base + Ribose +
Phosphate molecules)
b.
N- Bases - Cytosine, Thymine, Adenine or Guanine
c.
Order of bases = ________________ code
d.
3.
Examples:
________________– Deoxyribonucleic Acid,
________________ – Ribonucleic Acid
4.
Function in body
a.
Transmit ___________________ information
b.
Instructs the cell to produce specific __________
D. Pg 47 ________________________
1.
Elements: Hydrogen, Carbon, Oxygen, _____________
2.
Subunit/monomer
3.
a.
______________________ (peptide)
b.
There are 20 different amino acids – see page 303
Formation of protein (overview see the handout for
details)
a.
4.
The protein ___________________________ up
“________________________of a Protein” – When a
protein loses its structure and the bonds are broken
between the amino acid chains the protein no longer
performs its intended function.
a.
Factors that may cause denaturation are: _____________________________________________
b.
Example: Egg whites go from clear to white when heat changes the protein structure
5.
Function and related
examples of protein
a.
Movement
Actin & myosin in muscle
b.
______________________
Hemoglobin moves oxygen around the body
c.
_______________________
Collagen Strengthen tissues)
d.
_______________________
Insulin regulates blood sugar
e.
_______________________
Antibodies are proteins that attach to bacteria and viruses
f.
_______________________
Amylase in saliva
i.
______________________ up a chemical reaction by bringing two molecules together
i. Example: Lactase (enzyme) binds water and lactose which speeds up the
reaction of water and lactose resulting in maltose and fructose.
ii.
Lowers ____________________ Energy – energy needed to get reaction going.
iii.
_______________________ used up in a chemical reaction
iv.
Have an optimum ________ and/or __________ that will allow the enzyme to work best.
Enzyme activity –
rate of chemical
reaction
pH concentration or Temperature
v.
How an enzyme works
i. Enzyme is a protein with specific shape
ii. Enzyme has “______________ sites” where two “__________________” fit
iii. Substrates come together at the enzyme and are bonded
iv. Enzyme is recycled – Product is released
Enzyme Practice
Directions:
Turn to page 50. Use the following word bank to fill in the graphs below.
Word Bank:
Products Reaction pathway with enzyme
Activation energy with enzyme
Reactants
Activation energy with out enzyme
Course of Reaction
D
A
B
C
Rate
Of
Reaction
Rate
Of
Reaction
0 °C
100 °C
Temperature
0
pH
7
Which pathway (A, B, C, or D) shows the effects of an enzyme likely to be found in your stomach? _____
Which pathway (A, B, C, or D) shows the effects of an enzyme likely to be found in hot springs bacteria? _____
A ________________ is a substance that speeds the rate of a chemical reaction. A special type of this substance
that is found in our cells is called a _______________________.
14
Properties of Water – Universal Solvent pg 40
1.
Water stores __________________ – To cool the body sweat expels water to rid the body of excess heat
2.
Water clings to itself and other molecules (Polar Compound -/+)
a.
___________________ bonding (weak attraction of opposite charges)
i. Hydrogen has positive charge
ii. Oxygen has a negative charge
b.
___________________________ – occurs when water molecules are attracted to one another
i. Surface Tension is a result of cohesion
ii. When water boils energy is spent breaking the hydrogen bonds between water molecules
c.
___________________________ – Water is attracted to other molecules
i. Capillary Action occurs when water “soaks” up a paper towel
ii. May allow water to travel up the stems of plants
3.
_________________________ Solvent
a.
Water will dissolve ionic compounds Ex: Salt (NaCl)
i. Na + attracted to the _______________ Cl – is attracted to the _____________________
b.
4.
It is a good solvent because it is a polar compound a molecule with (positive and negative charge regions)
Hydro______________ (breaks down macromolecules)
___________________hydration (builds macromolecules)