Download Greed Exam 4

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List the 8 taxa that are used in classification in
order from largest to smallest.
Which pattern of evolution explains that
populations undergo rapid changes in a short
period of time?
A:(Domain, Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family,
genus, species)
A:(Punctuated equilibrium)
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What is the function of the xylem in plants?
Which direction does a restriction enzyme read
DNA?
A :( Conducts water)
A:( 3’ to 5’ / 3 prime to 5 prime)
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What is the process called in which (-) and (+)
charges are applied to pull DNA fragments through
gel?
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Which of the following is generally a more serious
mutation- a single base (point) mutation or
achromosomal mutation?
A:(Electrophoresis)
A:(Chromosomal)
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List 2 characteristics of the Protista kingdom.
What is a circular strand of DNA in a prokaryote
cell called?
A:(Single-celled, eukaryote, typically very mobile,
extremely diverse)
A :( Plasmid)
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What part of an egg must be removed before the
cell can be cloned?
Which project, launched in 1990, set out to
sequence the genetic code for humans?
(The nucleus)
(Human Genome Project)
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List 2 Assumptions for Hardy-Weinberg
Equilibrium.
What is a vestigial organ?
(An organ that does not have a function)
(No mutations, no migration, no selection, random
mating, large population)
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Name 2 types of autotrophic bacteria.
The peppered moth of England is a real-life
example of which mechanism for evolution?
A :( Photo and Chemo autotrophs)
(Natural Selection)
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What is the function of the phloem in a plant?
How do amoeba move?
A:( Transport organic molecules/sugars/products
of photosynthesis)
A:(false feet or pseudopods)
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What would lead to a more serious mutation- a
substitution or a deletion?
If one strand of DNA is 100 bp long and another is
40 bp long, which one would travel further in gel?
A:(Deletion)
A:( 40 bp)
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If the half life of a radioactive element is 3,,500
yrs, how much should be present after 10,500
years?
What is the endosperm used for in a seed?
A:(Nourishes the embryo)
A:( 1/8)
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In humans, our diploid number is _______and our
haploid number is _______.
Which organelle in a plant is responsible for
photosynthesis?
A:(46, 23)
A :( Chloroplast)
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In the peppered moth population of England, the
dark moths become more common than the light
ones. What would scientists calculate to
determine the extent of evolution in this
population?
Which cells in a plant form stomata?
A:(Guard cells)
A:( Allele frequencies)
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List 4 characteristics of the plant kingdom.
Name two types of heterotrophic bacteria.
A :( Multicellular, eukoryote, cell walls, cellulose in
cell walls, autotrophic)
A:( Chemoheterotrophs and photoheterotrophs)
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Which form of evidence for evolution would a bird
wing and butterfly wing be?
Why do viruses stick to some cells and not others?
A:(Viral proteins must match the cell)
A:(Analogous structure)
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What is a non-disjunction?
What did we do to E.coli in AP lab 6a to get them
to take in the foreign plasmid containing the
jellyfish gene?
A:(When chromosomes don’t separate during
meiosis- gamete ends up with an extra copy)
A:(Heat-shocked them)
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List 3 characteristics of bacteria
What can you tell about the genotypes in a
population after applying Hardy-Weinberg?
A:(Single celled, prokaryote, plasmids, single
chromosome……..)
A:(How many BB’s and Bb’s)
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Why are pine and flowers placed into a separate
class?
List 3 characteristics of the Fungi kingdom
A :( Pines have naked seeds, flowers have fruit
surrounding seeds)
A:(Multicellular, eukaryote, incomplete cell walls
with chitin, heterotrophic)
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Why are moss placed into a separate phylum than
ferns, pines and flowers?
What is a retrovirus?
A :( Lack a xylem and a phloem/vascular tissue)
A:(A virus which contains RNA principle hereditary
material)
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What is gradualism?
In which type of organism are restriction enzymes
naturally found?
A:(Pattern of evolution-populations slowly evolve
at a constant rate)
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A:(Prokaryotes)
A segment of DNA that codes for a protein is
known as a _____________.
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If the half life of a molecule is 2,000 yrs and ¼ of
the radioactive molecule is remaining, how old is
the fossil?
A:(Gene)
A:( 4,000 yrs)
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Why is jellyfish DNA able to function in bacterial
plasmid DNA?
A:(Both are made of the same molecules)
What structures produced by a fungus have the
ability to form new fungi if they land on a
hospitable surface that contains moisture and
food?
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A: (Spores)
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What is a point mutation?
How do plants take in carbon dioxide and water?
A:(A change is a single DNA base/nucleotide)
A: (carbon dioxide is taken in from the air and
water is absorbed from the ground)
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Mitosis is the division of a cell that gives rise to _____________ cells. Meiosis gives rise to
_____________ cells.
What specialized structures on a roots of certain
plants increase surface area for absorbing water?
A: (root hairs)
A:(Identical, haploid or unique)
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List one practical application for genetic engineering.
Sexual reproduction increases genetic
_____________ in a population.
A: (production of human proteins such as insulin,
human growth hormone, genetically altering crops
to be pest-resistant or herbicide resistant…………….)
A: (variation)
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A human arm and a whale are examples of
_______________ structures.
Which tissue makes up the leaf veins of a plant?
A: (xylem and phloem)
A: (Homologous)
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Which two types of tissue are considered vascular
tissue for certain plants?
List two strategies a flower might use to attract
pollinators.
A: (xylem and phloem)
A: (color, color pattern, smell, nectar, mimicry)
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List two strategies used by flowering plants for seed
dispersal.
Explain 1 method in which stomata can be used as
an adaptation for life on land by certain types of
plants.
A: (fruit, stickers, seeds carried by wind, exploding
fruit)
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List the 3 domains.
A: (plants have the ability to close them, they are
closed during the day in CAM plants, they are
located on the bottom of a leaf)
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The scientific name for humans is Homo sapiens.
Identify our genus name and species name.
A: (Eubacteria/bacteria, Archaebacteria, Eukarya)
A: (genus name is Homo and species name is
sapiens)
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Which life form was considered to be the first to
carry out photosynthesis?
In the 1960s, Miller and Urey used gases in an
experiment that are thought to have existed in the
earth’s early atmosphere. Which gas did they
purposely leave out?
A: (Bacteria/prokaryotes)
A: (Oxygen)
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List the two major components of a virus.
If a bacterial strain doubles its population every 20
minutes and there is one cell to begin, how many
cells would exist after 1 hour?
A: (DNA or RNA and protein)
A: (8 cells)
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What is the major difference between a prokaryote
and eukaryote cell?
What is the difference between the ribosomes of a
prokaryote and the ribosomes of a eukaryote?
A: (prokaryotes lack nuclei)
A: (prokaryote ribosomes are smaller than eukaryote
ribosomes)
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Which polysaccharide is found in fungal cell walls?
Which polysaccharide is found in the cell wall of
plants?
A: (chitin)
A: (cellulose)
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Scientists think that billions of years ago, the
concentration of oxygen in the atmosphere began to
increase. This would have theoretically opened up a
new niche for which type of organisms?
What evidence did scientists consider when they
placed archaebacteria and eubacteria into
completely different domains?
A: (the analysis of DNA sequences)
A: (aerobic bacteria)
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What type of reproduction is binary fission?
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When do CAM plants (such as cacti) open their
stomata?
A: (asexual – it is also known as cell cloning)
A: (at night)
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What type of organism is generally susceptible to
antibiotics?
Which type of organism naturally produces
antibiotics?
A: (bacteria)
A: (Fungi)
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What is allopatric speciation?
Define transpiration.
A:(Speciation due to geographic isolation)
A:(Water evaporation from leaves)
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Why do flowers undergo double fertilization?
What is the difference between the sporophyte
and gametophyte generation in plants)
A:(Each pollen grain contains two nuclei – each
nucleus fertilizes a part of the ovule or egg)
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Why are Darwin’s finches considered to be an
example of adaptive radiation?
A:(Sporophyte= diploid cells, gametophyte=
haploid cells)
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Define Transformation.
A:(When bacteria take in foreign DNA)
A :( Took advantage of a variety of food sources,
different beak sizes were selected for)
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Name two factors which are used to determine if
organisms are the same species
List 3 main factors which contribute to variation in
a population.
A:(Fertile offspring, mate naturally)
A:(Mutation, sexual reproduction, crossing over,
random assortment)
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Where does the restriction enzyme EcoR1 get its
name?
List 4 main types of plants found on earth and the
order in which they evolved.
A:(Eco=bacteria found in, R=strain of bacteria,
1=1st one found)
A:(mosses, ferns, gymnosperm/pines,
angiosperms/flowering plants)
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After fertilization in a flower, what does the ovary
eventually become? The ovules?
What is the evolutionary trend in plants
concerning the sporophyte and gametophyte
generations?
A:(Fruit, seeds)
A:(Gametophyte dominant in early plants,
sporophyte dominant in more recent plants)
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What does it mean that a bacterium is a facultative Name 2 ways in which fungi can reproduce.
anaerobe?
A:(Asexual and sexual)
A:(Can live with or without oxygen)
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What is sympatric speciation?
Which process commonly occurs in flowering
plants and is considered a form of sympatric
speciation?
A:(Speciation within same habitat)
A:(Polyploidy)
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A population consists of 16 blondes and 84
brunettes. What is the frequency of the dominant
allele?
Name the structure that carries out absorption for
a fungus.
A:(Hyphae)
A:(.6)
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Which structure can be found on the bottom of a
fern leaf?
What is the difference between pollination and
seed dispersal?
A:(Pollination is when pollen reaches the female
part of a flower - seed dispersal when seeds are
dispersed away from parent plant)
A:(Spores)
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List 3 mechanisms for evolution.
Which leaf layer is adjacent (next to) the lower
epidermis?
A:(Genetic drift, natural selection , migration)
A:(Spongy mesophyll)
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What is it that plants track in photoperiodism and
what function in a plant is controlled as a result?
List the two tropisms that certain plants may
exhibit.
A: (plants track night length – flowering is
controlled)
A: (phototropism, gravitropism, thigmotropism)
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What does it mean that a bacterium is an obligate
anaerobe?
2n refers to the __________number of a cell, N
refers to the ___________number.
A:(Can only live in an oxygen-free environment)
A:(Diploid, haploid)
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What is a germ mutation?
A population consists of 9% blue eyes people.
What is the frequency of the dominant allele?
A:(Mutation in the sex cell)
A:(.7)
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List the 3 major plant groups that have vascular
tissues.
List three extreme environments in which
archaebacteria can be found.
A:(Ferns, pines and flowers)
A:(Acid, heat, anaerobic, salt)
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List the 5 assumptions of Hardy-Weinberg.
A: (No migration, no mutations, no selection,
random mating, large population)
What does it mean that a bacterium is an obligate
aerobe?
A: (Can live in oxygenated environment only)
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List two of Darwin’s four principles of Natural
What part of a person’s genome is used to
Selection.
produce a DNA fingerprint?
A: (Individuals in a population vary; Some of that
variation is inherited; More individuals are
A: (a certain type of RFLP called Repeat Sequences) produced in a population than the environment
can support; The most “fit” individuals pass on
genes most often
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What is divergent evolution?
A: (The idea that two species originated from a
common ancestor)
What is the order of evolution for the following
organisms if Species X and Y are 90% similar on a
genetic level, Species X and W are 80% similar, and
Y and W are 85% similar.
A: (X, Y, W or W,Y,X)
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List two reasons why phytoplankton are important in
respect to life on earth.
What type of organism do scientists propose helped
to increase the concentration of oxygen in our
atmosphere a few billion years ago?
A: (they are the major producers of the ocean, they
trap the majority of CO2 on a daily basis, they
produce a lot of oxygen for heterotrophs)
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A: (photosynthetic bacteria)
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Put the following types of organisms in order
according to their proposed evolution: eukaryotes,
multicellular, prokaryotes.
Periods in geologic history that involve great
numbers of organisms disappearing are known as
_________ _________________.
A: (prokaryotes, eukaryotes, multicellular)
A: (mass extinctions)
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What is the evidence that the metabolic pathways
(such as aerobic respiration) of many species
evolved from primitive, but very similar pathways?
What does the RNA World Hypothesis state?
A: (the first life forms contained RNA instead of DNA
as the genetic material)
A: (Many species – i.e. bacteria vs. humans – share
similar enzymes/proteins/genes)
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Which enzyme, coded for by retroviral DNA, copies a
single strand of RNA to make DNA?
The Central Dogma of Biology is DNA to RNA to
protein. How are retroviruses different?
(Reverse transcriptase)
A: (They convert RNA to DNA to RNA/mRNA to
protein)
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What can happen if two viral strains infect 1 host cell
simultaneously (at the same time)?
How are bacteria and protists different in terms of
their cell structure?
A: (The genetic material of the viruses can
recombine/mix together and create a new viral
strain)
A: (bacteria lack nuclei, have smaller ribosomes, lack
true organelles)
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What is the major component found in a bacterial
cell wall?
Why can’t we say that bacteria carry out mitosis
even though they begin with one cell and produce
two new cells?
A: (peptidoglycan)
(Mitosis is the division of the nucleus and bacteria
lack nuclei)
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What is the process called when bacteria clone
themselves?
List 2 adaptations of flowering plants regarding leaf
structure that makes them well-adapted to life on
land.
A: (waxy cuticle, stomata on the bottom, some have
leaf hairs that deflects wind, some have reduced leaf
surface area such as spines of a cactus)
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A: (binary fission)
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List the two layers of the mesophyll tissue in a plant.
Which layer carries out the majority of
photosynthesis?
A: (Pallisade layer/mesophyll and spongy
layer/mesophyll – Pallisade layer carries out the
majority of photosynthesis)
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List three forms of evidence that suggest
mitochondria and chloroplasts might have once
been living bacteria.
List two differences between a spore and a seed.
A: (spores are microscopic and haploid; seeds are
macroscopic and contain diploid embryos)
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What types of genes does a bacterial plasmid
typically carry?
A: (These organelles have their own DNA, replicate
independent from the cell, double membrane, have
their own ribosomes, similar in size to bacteria)
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(antibiotic resistance)
What is the process called when a bacterium takes in
a foreign plasmid?
Divergent evolution results in ________________
structures.
A: (Transformation)
A: (Homologous)
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Convergent evolution results in ________________
structures.
Define homologous structures.
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A: (Analogous)
A: (Structure that have different functions but
similar internal anatomy/embryonic origins)
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Define analogous structures.
List two substances carried by xylem tissue in a
plant.
A: (Structures that have similar functions but very
different internal anatomy/embryonic origins)
A: (Water and minerals)
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Describe the fate of the triploid tissue as well as the
fate of the diploid tissue in a flower ovule (once
fertilization has occurred).
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How does punctuated equilibrium attempt to
explain the gaps (missing links/intermediate forms)
in the fossil record?
A: (triploid tissue becomes endosperm and diploid
tissue becomes the plant embryo)
A: (there were no intermediate forms – evolution
was rapid and changes for a species were drastic)
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How does gradualism attempt to explain the gaps
(missing links/intermediate forms) in the fossil
record?
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A: (intermediate forms did exist since evolution is
slow and gradual, but these forms were never
fossilized)
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A: (they get energy from light and use CO2 as a
carbon source)
How do chemoautotrophs obtain energy? What is
their carbon source?
How do photoheterotrophs obtain energy? What is
their carbon source?
A: (they get energy from inorganic chemicals like
sulfur and nitrogen gas; their carbon source comes
from CO2)
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A: (they get energy from light and consume food to
obtain carbon)
How do chemoheterotrophs obtain energy? What is
their carbon source?
How do aerobic bacteria carry out respiration if they
lack mitochondria?
A: (they get energy from food and they get their
carbon from food)
A: (they carry out processes of respiration along
their plasma membrane)
L3 One characteristic of bacteria is that they do not
have the compartmentalization that can be observed
in a typical eukaryotic cell. What does this mean?
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A: (bacteria do not have membrane-bound
organelles such as lysosomes and endoplasmic
reticula, therefore, it is more difficult for them to
separate chemical reactions that go on inside their
cell
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Can a haploid cell undergo mitosis? Meiosis? Explain.
How do photoautotrophs obtain energy? What is
their carbon source?
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Explain how auxin causes plants to bend toward
light.
A: (auxin migrates to the side of the plant opposite
the light; the cells respond to auxin by growing
longer than the cells facing the light and this length
difference causes plants to bend toward light)
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List 3 practical applications for genetic engineering.
A: (a haploid cell can only undergo mitosis – it can
make identical copies of itself. However, it cannot
carry out meiosis because it already contains just
one copy of each type of gene)
(cloning, gene sequencing to I.D. diseased genes,
genetically enhanced food, solving crime scenes,
determining paternity ………..)
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Name 4 diseases caused by a bacteria.
Name 3 prezygotic reproductive barriers.
A:(Strep throat, bubonic plague, anthrax, food
poisoning, tetanus, staph infection……………..)
A:(Geographical, temporal, behavioral,
mechanical, gametic)
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Explain lytic infection in a virus.
List the 3 types of tropisms in plants.
A:(Viral DNA injection into host cell, takes over
cell’s machinery makes new viruses, cell bursts)
A:(Phototropism, gravitropism, thigmotropism)
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What is transduction?
Explain lysogenic infection in a virus.
A:(When a virus spreads DNA between bacteria)
A:(Viral DNA is injected into host DNA where it
remains latent for a period of time)
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What type of mutation results in non-homologous
chromosomes crossing over?
List 4 forms of evidence that support evolution.
A:(Translocation)
A:(Fossils, biochemistry, embryos,
homologous/analogous structures, vestigial
organs)
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Explain population bottleneck.
Explain founder effect.
A:(Allele frequencies in a population change due to
a drastic decrease in population size)
A:(When one portion of a population moves to
another location and carries a phenotype in high
or low proportion)
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What is conjugation?
Name 5 diseases cause by a virus.
A:(When a bacterium accepts a plasmid from
another bacterium)
A:(Aids, cold, flu, measles, mumps, ebola,
chickenpox…………..)
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What is guttation?
Name 3 postzygotic reproductive barriers.
A: (Loss of water out of the end of the leaves of small (Hybrid inviability, hybrid sterility, F2 breakdown)
plants due to temperature/pressure changes at
night)
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Name the 4 major forces responsible for water
replacement in plants.
How does the endosymbiosis hypothesis explain
how eukaryote cells evolved from prokaryote cells?
A: )Transpiration, Adhesion, Cohesion, Root Pressure
(TARP))
A: (A large bacterium engulfed smaller bacteria
which eventually became mitochondria and
chloroplasts)
L3 Explain why the evolutionary trend of moving
L3 Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells can both
from a dominant gametophyte generation to a
contain flagella for motility (movement). However,
dominant sporophyte generation for plants would be the design of the structures is very different. Based
a genetic advantage.
on this situation, what type of structures would you
consider prokaryotic and eukaryotic flagella to be?
A: (To express a mutant and possibly harmful
phenotype, a haploid individual only needs to carry
A: (analogous – like a bird wing and butterfly wing)
one copy of the gene
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What is PCR used for when DNA is being prepared
for gel electrophoresis?
Explain how water specifically enters the root cell of
a plant.
A: (PCR – polymerase chain reaction – is a process in
which the DNA is replicated many times over so that
there is enough DNA to run through the gel)
L3
A: (Plants first pump minerals into the root cells and
then water follows through osmosis)
What are mycorrhizae? Explain their relationship
with plants.
A: (Fungi that wrap around the roots of some plants
– they absorb water for plants and the plants feed
them sugar)
L3
According to the RNA World Hypothesis, scientists
have reasoned that RNA could have possibly been
the first genetic molecule. List 2 characteristics of
RNA that would make this idea reasonable.
L3
What is lichen? Explain how it is an example of a
symbiotic relationship.
A:(Lichen is part fungi and part algae – it generally
grows on logs and rocks – the fungus part of lichen
absorbs water & minerals from rocks and the algae
part carries out photosynthesis & feeds the fungus)
L3
How do certain types of bacteria carry out
photosynthesis if they lack chloroplasts?
A: (RNA can replicate, it can code for proteins, and
some types of RNA can act as enzymes)
A: (they carry out this process along their plasma
membrane)