Download Topic 1 textbook HW

Name: ___________________________
Unit 10 Evolution Unit Vocabulary
Adaptation
Ancestor
Camouflage
Classification
Competition
Descendants
Evolution
Extinction
Fossil record
Fitness (evolutionary not physical)
Fossil
Gradualism
Homologous structures
Kingdoms
Natural selection
Offspring
Overproduction
Punctuated equilibrium
Species
Survival of the fittest
Theory
Variation
Topic 10 Textbook HW:
Evolution
A. Read pgs. 417-422 “The fossil record” and answer
the following questions:
1. What can be learned from the fossil record?
2. List two techniques paleontologists use to determine the age of fossils.
3. Which type of dating provides an accurate age for a given fossil? Describe how it is done.
B.
Read pgs. 369-372 “The Puzzle of life’s diversity”
and answer the following questions:
1. What is evolution?.
2. Why is evolution referred to as a theory?
3.
Circle the letter of each observation that Darwin made.
a. An enormous number of species inhabit Earth.
b. Many organisms seem to be poorly suited to their environment.
c. The same sorts of animals are always found in the same ecosystems in different parts of the
world.
d. Some species that lived in the past no longer live on Earth.
4.
Circle the letter of each choice that is true about the Galápagos Islands.
a. The islands are far apart.
b. The smallest, lowest islands are hot and wet.
c. The higher islands have more rainfall.
d. All the islands have the same amount of vegetation.
5.
How did Darwin explain the differences in shell shape and neck length of tortoises from Hood
Island and Isabela Island?
C. Read pgs 373-377 “Darwin’s thinking” and answer
the following questions:
1. Darwin enjoyed geology and read many books on the subject. If he didn’t have an
understanding of the subject, maybe we wouldn’t even be talking about evolution right now!
What two ideas from geology were important to Darwin’s thinking?
2. Summarize Lamarck’s evolution hypothesis.
3. Give an example of how a trait in humans can be passed on using Lamark’s view.
D.
Read pgs. 378-386 “Darwin presents his case”
and answer the following questions:
1. What is artificial selection?
2. What does the phrase struggle for existence mean?
HW D continues onto the next page
3.
Match each term with its definition.
Term
____ fitness
____adaptation
____natural selection
Definition
a. Any inherited characteristic that increases an
organism’s chance of survival
b. Survival of the fittest
c. The ability of an individual to survive and reproduce in
its specific environment
4. What types of evidence did Darwin use to support his theory of change over time?
5. Explain what Darwin meant by the phrase survival of the fittest.
6. Explain descent with modification.
7. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about natural selection.
a. It selects traits that increase fitness
b. It can be observed directly in nature.
c. It takes place without human control
d. It leads to an increase in a species’ fitness.
8. Circle the letter for the way Darwin explained the distribution of finch species on the Galápagos
Islands.
a. They had descended with modification from a common mainland ancestor.
b. They had descended with modification from several different mainland ancestors.
c. They had remained unchanged since arriving on the Galápagos from the mainland.
d. They had become more similar to one another after arriving on the Galápagos.
9.
Summarize Darwin’s theory of evolution (hint. Pg 386)
E.
F.
G.
Read pg 388 (Chapter 15 study guide)
Chapter 15 Pgs. 389-391 blue review questions
Read pgs. 393-396 “Genes and variation” and answer the
following questions:
1. A collection of individuals of the same species in a given area is a(an) ___________________ .
2. The combined genetic information of all members of a particular population is a(an)
___________________.
3.
What two processes can lead to inherited variation in a population?
4. What is a mutation
5. Why do mutations occur?
6. Evaluate the significance of mutations to the process of biological evolution. (hint. How does
mutation affect genetic variation?)
H. Read pgs. 400-402 “Evolution as genetic change”
and answer the following questions:
1.
If a trait made an organism less likely to survive and reproduce, what would happen to the
allele for that trait?
2. If a trait had no effect on an organism’s fitness, what would happen to the allele for that trait?
3. Match the type of selection with the situation in which it occurs.
Type of Selection
Situation
_____ Directional
a. Individuals at the upper and lower ends of the curve
have higher fitness than individuals near the middle.
_____
Stabilizing
_____ Disruptive
4.
b. Individuals at one end of the curve have higher fitness
than individuals in the middle or at the other end.
c. Individuals near the center of the curve have higher
fitness than individuals at either end.
What is an example of the founder effect?
5. What does the Hardy-Weinberg principle state?
6. List the five conditions required to maintain genetic equilibrium.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
I.
Read pgs. 404-410 “The process of speciation” and
answer the following questions:
1.
What is speciation?
2.
What does it mean for two species to be reproductively isolated from each other?
3.
When does behavioral isolation occur?
4.
When does geographic isolation occur?
5.
Complete the flowchart to show how speciation probably occurred in the Galápagos
finches.
Founders arrive
↓
↓
↓
↓
↓
Continued evolution
J.
K.Chapter 16 Pgs. 413-415
Read pg 412 (Chapter 16 study guide)
blue review questions
L. Read pgs. 435-440 “Patterns of evolution” and
answer the following questions:
1. What are possible causes of mass extinctions?
2.
What effects have mass extinctions had on the history of life?
3.
The process of a single species or a small group of species evolving into several different
forms that live in different ways is called _________________________.
4.
The process by which unrelated organisms come to resemble one another is called
_________________________.
5.
Explain why two species that are not closely related will evolve similar structures.
6.
7.
The process by which two species evolve in response to changes in each other over time is
called _________________________.
The idea that evolution occurs at a slow, steady rate is called _________________________.
8. What are some reasons rapid evolution may occur after long periods of equilibrium?
9. The pattern of long, stable periods interrupted by brief periods of more rapid change is called
_________________________.
M.
N. Chapter 17 Pgs. 443-445 blue review questions
Read pg 442 (Chapter 17 study guide)
O.Read pgs. 871-875 “Evolutionary behavior” and
answer the following questions:
1. How do biologists define behavior?
2. What is a response?
3.
Explain how natural selection works in the evolution of behaviors in a population.
4. What is an innate behavior?
5. What two things interact to cause innate behaviors?
a.
b.
6. What is learning?
P.
Read pgs. 447-450 “Order in diversity” and answer
the following questions:
1. How are living things organized for study?
2. Why do scientists avoid using common names when discussing organisms?
3. The two-word naming system developed by Linnaeus is called _______________________.
4. What are the seven taxonomic categories of Linnaeus’s classification system? In your
answer rank the categories in order with the largest level 1st and ending with the smallest
level.
Q.Read pgs.
451-455 “Modern classification” and
answer the following questions:
1. What problems are faced by taxonomists who rely on body structure comparisons?
2. What is a cladogram?
3. How has the knowledge of DNA evidence helped with classifying organisms?
R.
Read pg 464(Chapter 18 study guide)