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Periodization Early Middle Ages: 500 – 1000 High Middle Ages: 1000 – 1250 Late Middle Ages: 1250 - 1500 Europe in the 6c Starting Point Italy (Roman Empire) fragmented Commerce very limited Spain in the hands of the Muslims Frequent invasions – Eastern nomadic tribes, Vikings Weak rulers Subsistence agriculture Limited Literacy Copied old manuscripts – no new works Couldn’t understand philosophies/ knowledge The Dark Ages New Civilization Emerges in Western Europe Middle Ages (aka Medieval Period) Gradual recovery from Rome’s collapse Growing interaction with other societies Spread of religious beliefs Conversion to Christianity Some continued to believe in magic/polytheistic religions Growth of knowledge for traders/invaders Tools for new crops Paper Arabs – math, science, philosophy Creation of the French Kingdom Clovis – 496 converts to Christianity 511 unites the Franks Charles Martel – Carolingian Dynasty 732 Battle of Tours Charlemagne: 742 to 814 Creates largest empire since Roman Restores education (church-based) Intellectual activity gradually restored Crowned “Holy Roman Emperor” by Pope Leo III – connects church to royal power – regional lords and alliances still rule Charlemagne’s Empire Empire is divided after his death by the Treaty of Verdun – each develops unique characteristics Charles the Bald takes western part Lothair takes the central part Louis the German takes the eastern part Feudalism A political, economic, and social system based on loyalty and military service. The Manorial System Manorialism – economic relation between a lord and peasants (serfs) The Manorial System - Serfdom Serfs – farming peasants Lived on self-sufficient manors Received protection from the lords Became part of the military force when needed Gave part of goods/crops to lord Low production b/c of technology Improved with Three-field system Feudal Lords and Monarchies “Controlled” all the land and creatures Gave land (fief) for allegiance Used land to control vassals Military elites – could afford horses, weapons, training Kings used feudalism to build power, begin administrations and bureaucracy The Road to Knighthood PAGE Started around 7 years old Lives in Lords Manor Basic education (reading, writing, taking care of equipment, animals) SQUIRE Started around 14 years old “Internship” with a Knight Takes care of Knight’s equipment, horse, and trains with the knight KNIGHT Around 21 years old Proven himself – Knighted by Lord Chivalry: A Code of Honor and Behavior Justice Loyalty Defense Courage Faith Humility Nobility The Road to Knighthood Experts at warfare Compete in Tournaments in peacetime (jousting, mock battles) Weapons Trebuchet Siege Tower Mangonel Battering ram with Tortoise Mantlet The Medieval Catholic Church filled the power vacuum left from the collapse of the classical world. monasticism: St. Benedict – Benedictine Rule of poverty, chastity, and obedience. provided schools for the children of the upper class. inns, hospitals, refuge in times of war. libraries & scriptoria to copy books and illuminate manuscripts. monks missionaries to the barbarians. [St. Patrick, St. Boniface] The Power of the Medieval Church bishops and abbots played a large part in the feudal system. the church controlled about 1/3 of the land in Western Europe. tried to curb feudal warfare only 40 days a year for combat. curb heresies crusades; Inquisition tithe 1/10 tax on your assets given to the church. fight over lay investiture – right to appoint clergy (Henry IV vs Gregory VII) – Edict of Worms “solves” issue Religious Reform and Evolution church becomes more secular in 590 with Gregory I Early issues include Priests being married Simony Lay Investitures Reforms started with the Benedictines and enforced by Leo IX and Gregory VII Dominic begins the Dominican Brotherhood in the early 1200s (education) St. Francis of Assisi begins the Franciscans in the early 1200s (community) Capetian Dynasty Hugh Capet takes control when Louis V is poisoned and dies without an heir in 987 Controlled Paris area, included important trade routes Philip II (Philip Augustus) 1180-1223 Saw his father lose much land to Henry II of England and wanted to redeem his family Little success against Henry II or Richard but very successful against John Tripled his land before he died Capetian Dynasty Louis IX – 1226-1270 Know as the “Ideal King”, pious and saintly Strengthened the central government and created an appeals court Philip IV – 1285 – 1314 Increased royal power Fought with Lords and Church over taxes (Friday the 13th) Included the 3rd Estate in the Estates General Capetian rule ends with Charles IV’s death (no heir) and the beginning of the 100 Years War Creation of the English Kingdom Creation of the English Kingdom Alfred the Great – 871-899 United the “Angles” fighting off Viking invasions Edward the Confessor – r1042-1066 Reclaims land from Vikings (Saxon mixing) Dies without an heir William the Conqueror (Duke of Normandy) 1066 Battle of Hastings- defeated Harold Godwinson for control of England Claims all the land to be his House of Plantagenet – Angevin Rule Henry II – 1154-1189 Took power by peace treaty Expanded empire – constant war with France Strengthened royal courts, took tax collection away from Lords, settled lawsuits, heard criminal cases, created jury system Married Eleanor of Aquitaine House of Plantagenet – Angevin Rule Richard the Lion-Hearted King after Henry II – 3rd Crusade John I – r1199-1215 Lost land to Philip II of France High taxes caused Lords to revolt Signed the Magna Carta 1215 to maintain power No taxation without representation Jury trail Protection of Law House of Plantagenet – Angevin Rule Edward I (Longshanks) – r1272-1307 Begins to regain land – 8th,9th crusade, war in Wales, Ireland, France, and Scotland (Braveheart) Created parliament – representation for taxation oHouse of Lords nobles & clergy. o House of Commons knights and burgesses. Edward III’s claim to the French thrown begins the 100 Years War – ends in War of the Roses in which the Lancaster and York families fight for power – results in the Tudors taking over The Crusades Series of religious (holy) wars, from 1095 to 1291, blessed by the Catholic Church, to restore Christian access (control) of Jerusalem and other holy sites in the Middle East The Crusades 1st Crusade (1095-1099) begins when the Seljuk Turks cut off access to Jerusalem. Byzantine Emperor Alexis I asked Pope Urban II for help. Armies came from several Christian kingdoms but the majority came from France and Italy. Campaign was hurt by poor leadership and poor understanding of environment. It was help by the disunity of Muslim forces. Captured Antioch and Jerusalem by 1099 but lost control by 1144 The Crusades 2nd Crusade (1147-1149) started in an attempt to retake Jerusalem Armies mainly composed of French, German, and Italian Total failure in the Middle East but inspired Christians to fight against Muslims in Spain and Portugal The Crusades 3rd Crusade (1187-1192) started in reaction to the total defeat of the 2nd Crusade and the power of Saladin, who united the Muslims and had control of Jerusalem Largest crusader army – led by kings – Frederick I (German Kingdoms), Philip II (France), and Richard the Lion-Hearted (England) Issues: Frederick drowned on the way to the Crusades, Philip became upset(?) and went back home, Richard feared French invasion Richard fought Saladin to a peace treaty that allowed Christians into Jerusalem The Crusades 4th Crusade (1202-1204) started by Pope Innocent III wanting to take Jerusalem. Lacked support, mainly Venetians, and lack money Ended by the Venetians sacking Constantinople in 1204, take the wealth back to Venice Venice began to grow powerful (opened Mediterranean trade) and Constantinople never recovered Rebirth of Europe Trade routes New Economic and Urban Vigor Increased agricultural production Population growth Trade increased cities Desire for luxury goods and spices Growth of towns (trade centers) Literacy increase – Universities created universities Medieval Guilds Guild Hall Commercial Monopoly: Controlled membership apprentice journeyman master craftsman Controlled quality of the product [masterpiece]. Controlled prices Gothic Architectural Style Pointed arches. High, narrow vaults. Thinner walls. Flying buttresses. Elaborate, ornate, airier interiors. Stained-glass windows. “Flying” Buttresses Romanesque Architectural Style Rounded Arches. Barrel vaults. Thick walls. Darker, simplistic interiors. Small windows, usually at the top of the wall. The End of the Middle Ages: Event 1 Great Schism 1305 Philip IV of France and Pope Boniface VIII fight over power (naming of bishops) Philip captures Boniface and puts him on trial in 1303 The Pope escapes but dies “on the run” Philip forces the French Cardinals elect a French Pope (Clement V) who moves the Papacy to Avignon, France Pope Gregory XI dies in 1378 while in Rome. Italians force the Cardinals to elect an Italian Pope (Urban VI) but French Cardinals also elect a French Pope (Clement VII) In 1409, Pisa, Italy elects a 3rd Pope Solved in 1414 by the Council of Constance – the 3 Popes will resign and a new (united) Pope is elected (Martin V) The End of the Middle Ages: Event 2 Hundred Years War 1337-1453 Last Capetian King died without an heir and King Edward III of England (grandson to the old king) and Philip of Valois (cousin to the old king) both claimed the thrown. England still controls land in France and Flanders wanted independence from the French supported England The war is fought mainly in France with the English winning most early battles despite being outnumbered. Reasons – Longbow, policy of no long, drawn out battles just quick “hits” (kill and steal), French King John captured and held for ransom, peasant revolt The End of the Middle Ages: Event 2 Hundred Years War 1337-1453 Treaty of Troyes 1420 – French King forced to sign giving thrown to English King Henry V upon death. Problem – both died in 1422 leaving Henry V’s infant son to inherit both kingdoms. French king’s son, Charles VII, decides to keep fighting. Joan of Arc (1412-1432) – In 1429 she helps (inspires the armies) to victory in the Battle of Orleans, began the reconquest of northern France. She was captured in 1431, Charles VII did not pay the ransom, she was tried for heresy and burned at the stake in 1432 The End of the Middle Ages: Event 2 Hundred Years War 1337-1453 Joan of Arc becomes a symbol of French resistance and by 1450, the French have taken all the French land except for the city of Calais. War ends without treaty, both side just quit fighting France in 1337 France in 1453 The End of the Middle Ages: Event 3 The Culprits The Famine of 1315-1317 By 1300 Europeans were farming almost all the land they could cultivate. A population crisis developed. Climate changes in Europe produced three years of crop failures between 1315-17 because of excessive rain. As many as 15% of the peasants in some English villages died. One consequence of starvation & poverty was susceptibility to disease. 1347: Plague Reaches Constantinople! The Symptoms Bulbous Septicemic Form: almost 100% mortality rate. From the Toggenburg Bible, 1411 Lancing a Buboe Medieval Art & the Plague An obsession with death. Boccaccio in The Decameron The victims ate lunch with their friends and dinner with their ancestors. Attempts to Stop the Plague A Doctor’s Robe “Leeching” Attempts to Stop the Plague Flagellanti: Self-inflicted “penance” for our sins! Attempts to Stop the Plague Pogroms against the Jews “Jew” hat “Golden Circle” obligatory badge Death Triumphant !: A Major Artistic Theme A Little Macabre Ditty “A sickly season,” the merchant said, “The town I left was filled with dead, and everywhere these queer red flies crawled upon the corpses’ eyes, eating them away.” “Fair make you sick,” the merchant said, “They crawled upon the wine and bread. Pale priests with oil and books, bulging eyes and crazy looks, dropping like the flies.” A Little Macabre Ditty (2) “I had to laugh,” the merchant said, “The doctors purged, and dosed, and bled; “And proved through solemn disputation “The cause lay in some constellation. “Then they began to die.” “First they sneezed,” the merchant said, “And then they turned the brightest red, Begged for water, then fell back. With bulging eyes and face turned black, they waited for the flies.” A Little Macabre Ditty (3) “I came away,” the merchant said, “You can’t do business with the dead. “So I’ve come here to ply my trade. “You’ll find this to be a fine brocade…” And then he sneezed……….! The Mortality Rate 35% - 70% 25,000,000 dead !!! What were the political, economic, and social effects of the Black Death? Political: Social order declined, Lords no longer in control Economic: Farming and trade decline, populations decline, towns empty Society: Church lost prestige and power, family structure fails