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AP BIOLOGY Chapter 6, 7, 8 Metabolism Enzymes, Photosynthesis, Respiration Kelly Riedell Brookings Biology The FIRST _____ Law of Thermodynamics states that energy can be transformed and transferred by NEVER created or destroyed Anabolic pathways → consume energy to build molecules release energy by breaking down molecules The measure of disorder or randomness (symbolized by S) entropy The SECOND _______ Law of Thermodynamics states that every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe. Chemical reactions with a NEGATIVE free energy (- Δ G) are _________ exergonic endergonic exergonic Chemical reactions with a POSITIVE endergonic free energy (+ Δ G) are ____________ endergonic exergonic Most enzymes belong to which group of macromolecules? proteins Molecules that speed up chemical catalysts reactions are called ____________ Energy associated with moving objects is called _______ kinetic energy Catabolic pathways consume energy to build molecules → release energy by breaking down molecules potential Chemical energy is a form of ___________ energy kinetic potential Reactions that release free energy exergonic are called ______________ exergonic endergonic negative The hydrolysis of ATP is a ________ ΔG reaction. negative positive Catalytic proteins that speed up chemical reactions in living things are called enzymes ____________ Reactions that absorb free energy endergonic are called ______________ exergonic endergonic Chemical reactions with a NEGATIVE free energy (- Δ G) are ____________ spontaneous spontaneous nonspontaneous Region on an enzyme where regulatory Allosteric site molecules can bind = ______________ Chemical reactions with a NEGATIVE spontaneous free energy (- Δ G) are ____________ spontaneous nonspontaneous Which kinds of bonds hold the substrate to the active site of an enzyme? Weak interactions like hydrogen & ionic bonds Nonprotein “helpers” for catalytic activty cofactors are called ______________ The arrow in the diagram is showing ACTIVATION ENERGY of this the _________________ reaction. Organic molecules that help enzymes coenzymes are called ____________ Which kind of food molecules often act as coenzymes? vitamins A molecule that mimics a substrate, binds to the active site, and reduces the activity of an enzyme is called COMPETITIVE a(n) _______________ inhibitor. In FEEDBACK ___________ inhibition, a metabolic pathway is switched off by the binding of its end product to one of the enzymes at the beginning of the pathway. End products that feed back to turn off a metabolic pathway are often ________________ inhibitors. NON-COMPETITIVE Essential knowledge 4.B.1: Interactions between molecules affect their structure and function. Essential knowledge 4.B.1: a. Change in the structure of a molecular system may result in a change of the function of the system. [See also 3.D.3] Chemical reactions with a POSITIVE nonspontaneous free energy (+ Δ G) are ____________ spontaneous nonspontaneous The initial investment of energy for starting a chemical reaction is called Activation energy OR the _______________ Energy of activation The place on an enzyme where the active site substrate attaches = _____________ http://amoebasisters.tumblr.com/post/148695095482/truly-a-pair-that-was-made-for-each-other STUDY BREAK! NONCOMPETITIVE inhibitors slow down ______________ enzymatic reactions by binding to a site other than the active site and causing a change in the enzyme’s shape The change in the shape of the active site of an enzyme after the substrate attaches so that it binds more snugly INDUCED FIT is called _____________ Essential knowledge 4.B.1: b. The shape of enzymes, active sites and interaction with specific molecules are essential for basic functioning of the enzyme. Essential knowledge 4.B.1: b 1. For an enzyme-mediated chemical reaction to occur, the substrate must be complementary to the surface properties (shape and charge) of the active site. In other words, the substrate must fit into the enzyme's active site. Essential knowledge 4.B.1: c. Other molecules and the environment in which the enzyme acts can enhance or inhibit enzyme activity. Molecules can bind reversibly or irreversibly to the active or allosteric sites, changing the activity of the enzyme. When the binding of one substrate molecule primes an enzyme to accept additional substrate molecules more readily it is called COOPERATIVITY ______________ The arrow in the diagram is showing CHANGE IN FREE ENERGY (ΔG) of the ______________________ this reaction. When you did this lab to investigate the breakdown of H2O2 by catalase, what was the purpose of adding sulfuric acid? Acid denatures the catalase enzyme and stops the reaction Why does this graph level off after 4 minutes? Product does not increase any more because enzyme has run out of substrate (substrate has been converted to product) Essential knowledge 4.B.1.d. The change in function of an enzyme can be interpreted from data regarding the concentrations of product or substrate as a function of time. These representations demonstrate the relationship between an enzyme's activity, the disappearance of substrate,and/ or presence of a competitive inhibitor. http://pulpbits.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/Measuring-the-Rate-of-Respiration-330x220.jpg In lab you used respirometers to measure cellular respiration in germinating and non-germinating peas at 10o C and 25o C. If respiration in a small mammal were studied at both room temperature (21o C) and 10o C, what results would you expect? Mammals are endothermic (warm-blooded) and body temperature is maintained at a constant temperature. When placed in cold temperatures, mammal metabolic rate and respiration will increase to produce heat and help maintain their body temperature. So respiration rate in a mammal will be greater at 10o than at 25o because the mammal will need to burn more sugar to keep warm at the colder temp. 2.A.1.d.1. Organisms use various strategies to regulate body temperature and metabolism • Endothermy (the use of thermal energy generated by metabolism to maintain homeostatic body temperatures) • Ectothermy (the use of external thermal energy to help regulate and maintain body temperature) SP 6.4 Make claims and predictions about natural phenomena based on scientific theories and models. Name the cell part that contains catalase to break down peroxide. peroxisome When hydrogen peroxide is broken down, what gas is produced? oxygen - This reaction has a ___ Δ G because the energy of the products is less then the reactants How would adding an enzyme change the graph of this reaction? Enzymes lower the activation energy of chemical reactions but don’t change the energy of the reactants, products, or ∆G Cells manage their energy resources by using the energy from exergonic (-ΔG) reactions to drive endergonic (+ΔG) reactions in a process called Energy coupling ____________________ ATP → ADP + Pi - This is a __ ΔG reaction. Essential knowledge 2.A.1: b.1. Order is maintained by coupling cellular processes that increase entropy (and so have negative changes in free energy) with those that decrease entropy (and so have positive changes in free energy). Essential knowledge 2.A.1: b 3. Energetically favorable exergonic reactions, such as ATP®ADP, that have a negative change in free energy can be used to maintain or increase order in a system by being coupled with reactions that have a positive free energy change. ADP + Pi → ATP + This is a __ ΔG reaction The energy required for this reaction burning organic molecules comes from __________________ like glucose during cellular respiration Essential knowledge 2.A.1: b 3. Energetically favorable exergonic reactions, such as ATP®ADP, that have a negative change in free energy can be used to maintain or increase order in a system by being coupled with reactions that have a positive free energy change. Cellular respiration uses glucose, which has a high level of free energy and releases CO2 and H2O which have low levels of free energy. Is respiration spontaneous or not? spontaneous Is it exergonic or endergonic? exergonic Organisms that can’t make their own food and must capture free energy from organic molecules made by other organisms are called ______________ Heterotrophs OR consumers If oxygen is present these organic molecules are metabolized by which process found in mitochondria? CELLULAR RESPIRATION If no oxygen is available these organic compounds are metabolized by which process found in the cytoplasm? FERMENTATION Essential knowledge 2.A.2: Organisms capture and store free energy for use in biological processes. b. Heterotrophs capture free energy present in carbon compounds produced by other organisms. Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 1. Heterotrophs may metabolize carbohydrates, lipids and proteins by hydrolysis as sources of free energy. 2. Fermentation produces organic molecules, including alcohol and lactic acid, and it occurs in the absence of oxygen . Essential knowledge 2.A.1: c. Energy-related pathways in biological systems are sequential and may be entered at multiple points in the pathway. [See also 2.A.2] To foster student understanding of this concept, instructors can choose an illustrative example such as: ~ Glycolysis ~ Fermentation Organisms that can capture free energy from the environment to make their own food are called ______________ Autotrophs OR producers Photosynthetic organisms capture energy from _______________ SUNLIGHT Chemosynthetic organisms capture energy from ______________ INORGANIC MOLECULES in their environment. Essential knowledge 2.A.2: Organisms capture and store free energy for use in biological processes. a. Autotrophs capture free energy from physical sources in the environment. 1. Photosynthetic organisms capture free energy present in sunlight. 2. Chemosynthetic organisms capture free energy from small inorganic molecules present in their environment, and this process can occur in the absence of oxygen. How does the 2nd LAW of thermodynamics help explain the diffusion of a substance across a membrane? The 2nd Law is the tendency toward randomness. Having equal concentrations on both sides of a membrane is more random than unequal concentrations. Diffusion from high concentration to low INCREASES THE ENTROPY as mandated by the 2nd law + Δ G because This reaction has a ___ the energy of the products is greater then the reactants Living organisms take simpler substances and build them into more complicated systems, decreasing entropy, why does this NOT VIOLATE the 2nd LAW of thermodynamics ? 2nd Law of Thermodynamics refers to CLOSED systems. Living things are OPEN systems and constantly take in energy and materials from outside to maintain order and allow the decrease in entropy. Draw a diagram to show 2 ways (ALLOSTERIC) NON-COMPETITIVE INHIBITORS work 4.B.1: Interactions between molecules affect their structure and function. a. Change in the structure of a molecular system may result in a change of the function of the system. [See also 3.D.3] b. The shape of enzymes, active sites and interaction with specific molecules are essential for basic functioning of the enzyme. c. Other molecules and the environment in which the enzyme acts can enhance or inhibit enzyme activity. Molecules can bind reversibly or irreversibly to the active or allosteric sites, changing the activity of the enzyme. NON-COMPETITVE (ALLOSTERIC) INHIBITION 4.B.1: Interactions between molecules affect their structure and function. a. Change in the structure of a molecular system may result in a change of the function of the system. [See also 3.D.3] b. The shape of enzymes, active sites and interaction with specific molecules are essential for basic functioning of the enzyme. c. Other molecules and the environment in which the enzyme acts can enhance or inhibit enzyme activity. Molecules can bind reversibly or irreversibly to the active or allosteric sites, changing the activity of the enzyme. Draw a graph of FREE ENERGY of PRODUCTS and REACTANTS over time in a NEGATIVE ∆ G chemical reaction. Label ACTIVATION ENERGY and ∆G Draw a graph of FREE ENERGY of PRODUCTS and REACTANTS over time in a NEGATIVE ∆ G chemical reaction. Label ACTIVATION ENERGY and ∆G How does adding an enzyme change this graph? How does it change the ∆G of this reaction? Enzymes decrease activation energy needed to get a reaction started. NO CHANGE in overall ∆G of reaction. Energy of products and reactants stay the same. Essential knowledge 4.B.1: Interactions between molecules affect their structure and function. a. Change in the structure of a molecular system may result in a change of the function of the system. [See also 3.D.3] Draw a graph of FREE ENERGY versus time showing the PRODUCTS and REACTANTS for a NEGATIVE ∆ G and a POSITIVE ∆G REACTION. How does the energy of reactants and products compare in these two kinds of reactions? Label these as: spontaneous or not? endergonic/exergonic? EXERGONIC REACTION ∆G < 0 Reaction is spontaneous Energy of reactants is greater than energy of products EXERGONIC REACTION ∆G > 0 Reaction is NOT spontaneous Energy of products is greater than energy of reactants Draw and label a picture of an enzyme showing its active and allosteric sites. Include a substrate molecule in your drawing. Essential knowledge 4.B.1: Interactions between molecules affect their structure and function. b. The shape of enzymes, active sites and interaction with specific molecules are essential for basic functioning of the enzyme. Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 1. For an enzyme-mediated chemical reaction to occur, the substrate must be complementary to the surface properties (shape and charge) of the active site. In other words, the substrate must fit into the enzyme's active site. Add a competitive inhibitor to your diagram. How would this change the rate of this reaction? Adding a competitive inhibitor would decrease the reaction rate Essential knowledge 4.B.1: Interactions between molecules affect their structure and function. b. The shape of enzymes, active sites and interaction with specific molecules are essential for basic functioning of the enzyme. Learning Objective: LO 4.17 The student is able to analyze data to identify how molecular interactions affect structure and function. [See SP 5.1] How would increasing substrate concentration change the rate of this reaction? Adding more substrate increases the chance of a substrate molecule interacting with the active site. Reaction rate would increase Essential knowledge 4.B.1: Interactions between molecules affect their structure and function. b. The shape of enzymes, active sites and interaction with specific molecules are essential for basic functioning of the enzyme. Learning Objective: LO 4.17 The student is able to analyze data to identify how molecular interactions affect structure and function. [See SP 5.1] Image modified from: http://mgh-images.s3.amazonaws.com/9780073402659/1748-18-164PEI1.png What is the optimum pH for Enzyme 3? Approximately pH 9 Which enzyme do you think would be most active in the stomach? EXPLAIN WHY? Enzyme 1- optimum at acidic pH Essential knowledge 4.B.1: Interactions between molecules affect their structure and function. a. Change in the structure of a molecular system may result in a change of the function of the system. [See also 3.D.3] b. The shape of enzymes, active sites and interaction with specific molecules are essential for basic functioning of the enzyme. Describe what is happening at different points on this graph? A- At low substrate concentrations the rate of reaction is slow. Chances for enzyme and substrate to interact is low. As substrate concentration increases, rate of reaction increases because there is more substrate available to interact with enzyme up to a point. B- At a certain point, increasing substrate concentration has less and less effect on rate of reaction because the enzymes are becoming saturated and are working as fast as they can. Essential knowledge 4.B.1: Interactions between molecules affect their structure and function. d. The change in function of an enzyme can be interpreted from data regarding the concentrations of product or substrate as a function of time. These representations demonstrate the relationship between an enzyme's activity, the disappearance of substrate,and/ or presence of a competitive inhibitor. At which temperature does enzyme A perform best? Approximately 37º C At which temperature does enzyme B perform best? Approximately 77º C Which of these is found in humans and which comes from a thermophilic (heat-loving) bacteria? EXPLAIN YOUR ANSWER Enzyme A = human Enzyme B = thermophilic bacteria Enzyme A has an optimum near human body temp and would be nonfunctional at higher temps where these bacteria are found. Enzyme B has an optimum that would allow it to function at higher temperatures Essential knowledge 4.B.1: Interactions between molecules affect their structure and function. d. The change in function of an enzyme can be interpreted from data regarding the concentrations of product or substrate as a function of time. These representations demonstrate the relationship between an enzyme's activity, the disappearance of substrate,and/ or presence of a competitive inhibitor. Why does the rate of the reaction catalyzed by enzyme A slow down at temperatures above 40°C? At higher temperatures enzymes denature and lose their ability to catalyze the reaction Essential knowledge 4.B.1: Interactions between molecules affect their structure and function. d. The change in function of an enzyme can be interpreted from data regarding the concentrations of product or substrate as a function of time. These representations demonstrate the relationship between an enzyme's activity, the disappearance of substrate,and/ or presence of a competitive inhibitor. Glycolysis is also called the Embden-Meyerhoff Pathway pathway. ____________________ CATALASE is an enzyme that breaks __________ down hydrogen peroxide. Essential knowledge 4.B.2: a. Organisms have areas or compartments that perform a subset of functions related to energy and matter, and these parts contribute to the whole. [See also 2.A.2, 4.A.2] Essential knowledge 4.B.2: a.1. At the cellular level, the plasma membrane, cytoplasm and, for eukaryotes, the organelles contribute to the overall specialization and functioning of the cell. WATER LIGHT LIGHT DEPENDENT REACTIONS OXYGEN ATP NADPH CARBON DIOXIDE LIGHT INDEPENDENT REACTIONS (Calvin cycle) SUGAR ©Pearson Education Inc; Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall; Identify the part: Thylakoid sac A = ______________ B = ______________ stroma granum (pl. grana) C = ______________ D = ________________ Thylkoid space (lumen) cytoplasm E = ________________ Essential knowledge 2.A.2..d.2. Photosystems I and II are embedded in the internal membranes of chloroplasts (thylakoids) and are connected by the transfer of higher free energy electrons through an electron transport chain (ETC). [See also 4.A.2] Essential knowledge 2.A.2..d.3. When electrons are transferred between molecules in a sequence of reactions as they pass through the ETC, an electrochemical gradient of hydrogen ions (protons) across the thykaloid membrane is established. Essential knowledge 2.A.2..d.5. The energy captured in the light reactions as ATP and NADPH powers the production of carbohydrates from carbon dioxide in the Calvin cycle, which occurs in the stroma of the chloroplast. http://bestlifemistake.blogspot.com/2014/02/middle-school-science-teacher-humor.html STUDY BREAK! ©Pearson Education Inc; Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall; Tell its location: A Where ETC proteins are located = ___ A Place where ATP synthase is embedded = ___ A Place where photosystems I & II are located = ___ H+ ions accumulate here during electron transport = D ___ Place where Calvin cycle B happens= ___ D Place water is split = ____ Essential knowledge 2.A.2..d.2. Photosystems I and II are embedded in the internal membranes of chloroplasts (thylakoids) and are connected by the transfer of higher free energy electrons through an electron transport chain (ETC). [See also 4.A.2] Essential knowledge 2.A.2..d.3. When electrons are transferred between molecules in a sequence of reactions as they pass through the ETC, an electrochemical gradient of hydrogen ions (protons) across the thykaloid membrane is established. Essential knowledge 2.A.2. g.1. Electron transport chain reactions occur in chloroplasts (photosynthesis), mitochondria (cellular respiration) and prokaryotic plasma membranes. EXPLAIN what happens when chlorophyll molecules are energized by sunlight Electrons in chlorophyll are excited to higher energy levels and pass to the proteins in electron transport chain. 2.A.2..d. The light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis in eukaryotes involve a series of coordinated reaction pathways that capture free energy in light to yield ATP and NADPH, which power the production of organic molecules 1. During photosynthesis, chlorophylls absorb free energy from light, boosting electrons to a higher energy level in Photosystems I and Photosystem II EXPLAIN what happens to the energized electrons that jump to the ETC Electrons pass down the ETC in a series of redox reactions to PSI. 2.A.2..d. The light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis in eukaryotes involve a series of coordinated reaction pathways that capture free energy in light to yield ATP and NADPH, which power the production of organic molecules 3. When electrons are transferred between molecules in a sequence of reactions as they pass through the ETC, an electrochemical gradient of hydrogen ions (protons) across the thylakoid membrane is established. The movement of electrons down the ETC provides the energy to do what? Movement of electrons down the ETC provides energy to pump H+ ions from stroma into the thylakoid space 2.A.2..d. The light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis in eukaryotes involve a series of coordinated reaction pathways that capture free energy in light to yield ATP and NADPH, which power the production of organic molecules 3. When electrons are transferred between molecules in a sequence of reactions as they pass through the ETC, an electrochemical gradient of hydrogen ions (protons) across the thylakoid membrane is established. How are the energized electrons replaced? Splitting of water molecules provides replacement electrons and also releases H+ ions and oxygen into the thylakoid space. 2.A.2..d. The light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis in eukaryotes involve a series of coordinated reaction pathways that capture free energy in light to yield ATP and NADPH, which power the production of organic molecules 3. When electrons are transferred between molecules in a sequence of reactions as they pass through the ETC, an electrochemical gradient of hydrogen ions (protons) across the thylakoid membrane is established. What happens to the oxygen released when water molecules are split? 2 oxygen atoms combine to make oxygen gas which is released to atmosphere 2.A.2..d. The light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis in eukaryotes involve a series of coordinated reaction pathways that capture free energy in light to yield ATP and NADPH, which power the production of organic molecules What happens to the electrons that reach Photosystem I? They are energized a second time and jump to last protein in ETC. 2.A.2..d. The light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis in eukaryotes involve a series of coordinated reaction pathways that capture free energy in light to yield ATP and NADPH, which power the production of organic molecules 3. When electrons are transferred between molecules in a sequence of reactions as they pass through the ETC, an electrochemical gradient of hydrogen ions (protons) across the thylakoid membrane is established. The last protein in ETC passes the electrons to which electron acceptor? The last electron acceptor, NADP+, is reduced to NADPH 2.A.2.c. Different energy-capturing processes use different types of electron acceptors. • NADP+ in photosynthesis 2.A.2..d. The light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis in eukaryotes involve a series of coordinated reaction pathways that capture free energy in light to yield ATP and NADPH, which power the production of organic molecules What happens to the H+ ions that build up in the thylakoid space as a result of the proton pumps in the ETC and water splitting? H+ ions move from an area of high concentration (thylakoid space) to an area of low concentration (stroma) H+ gradient provides the energy to phosphorylate ADP to make ATP 2.A.2..d. The light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis in eukaryotes involve a series of coordinated reaction pathways that capture free energy in light to yield ATP and NADPH, which power the production of organic molecules 4. The formation of the proton gradient is a separate process, but it is linked to the synthesis of ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate via ATP synthase. What happens to the NADPH and ATP produced in the light dependent reactions? They are used to make carbohydrates from CO2 in the Calvin cycle 2.A.2..d. The light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis in eukaryotes involve a series of coordinated reaction pathways that capture free energy in light to yield ATP and NADPH, which power the production of organic molecules 5. The energy captured in the light reactions as ATP and NADPH powers the production of carbohydrates from carbon dioxide in the Calvin cycle, which occurs in the stroma of the chloroplast. Essential knowledge 2.A.2..d.2. Photosystems I and II are embedded in the internal membranes of chloroplasts (thylakoids) and are connected by the transfer of higher free energy electrons through an electron transport chain (ETC). [See also 4.A.2] Label molecules of the light dependent reactions. A = ___________________ PHOTOSYSTEM II B = ___________________ Electron Transport Chain PHOTOSYSTEM I C = ___________________ ATP Synthase D = ___________________ Images from; http://www.clker.com/cliparts/s/6/X/X/Y/o/color-chain-links-long-md.png http://nourishednutrition.co.nz/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Starch-glucose.jpg MAKE A CONNECTION “Candy Corn” is a variety of sweet corn enjoyed by many people. These corn plants have been modified by geneticists to produce corn that tastes sweeter than other varieties because Candy Corn cells lack an enzyme that other corn plants have. Use what you learned about macromolecules and how plants store their glucose for later. What do you think is the function of this missing enzyme in other corn plants? EXPLAIN YOUR ANSWER. Image by: Riedell Plants store their sugar as starch. The enzyme that converts glucose into starch is missing in “Candy corn” Sugar stays in corn and is not converted to starch so it tastes sweet instead of starchy. X Essential Knowledge: 4.A.1. a. 4. Carbohydrates are composed of sugar monomers whose structures and bonding with each other by dehydration synthesis determine the properties and functions of the molecules. Illustrative examples include: cellulose versus starch. SP 7: The student is able to connect and relate knowledge across various scales, concepts and representations in and across domains. Name this molecule that is the main photosynthetic pigment in green plants . chlorophyll Where would you find these light collecting molecules in chloroplasts? In Photosystems II and I in the thylakoid membrane Essential knowledge 2.A.2..d 1. During photosynthesis, chlorophylls absorb free energy from light, boosting electrons to a higher energy level in Photosystems and Photosystem II. Essential knowledge 2.A.2..d.2. Photosystems I and II are embedded in the internal membranes of chloroplasts (thylakoids) and are connected by the transfer of higher free energy electrons through an electron transport chain (ETC). [See also 4.A.2] Write the chemical equation for photosynthesis 6 CO2 + 6 H2O → C6H12O6 + 6 O2 Which high energy compounds are produced during the light dependent reactions and used in the Calvin cycle to produce glucose? ATP and NADPH Essential knowledge 2.A.2..d. The light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis in eukaryotes involve a series of coordinated reaction pathways that capture free energy in light to yield ATP and NADPH, which power the production of organic molecules. Essential knowledge 2.A.2..d.5. The energy captured in the light reactions as ATP and NADPH powers the production of carbohydrates from carbon dioxide in the Calvin cycle, which occurs in the stroma of the chloroplast. https://www.pinterest.com/pin/50313720817088436/ STUDY BREAK! Nimation from: http://faculty.ccbcmd.edu/~gkaiser/biotutorials/energy/atpsynthase_an.html During ATP production in the light dependent reactions, the movement H+ ions down their concentration of ____ ATP synthase gradient through ____________ provides the energy needed to phosphorylate ADP making ATP. Essential knowledge 2.A.2..d.4. The formation of the proton gradient is a separate process, but it is linked to the synthesis of ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate via ATP synthase. Essential knowledge 2.A.2. g.3. The passage of electrons is accompanied by the formation of a proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane or the thylakoid membrane of chloroplasts, with the membrane(s) separating a region of high proton concentration from a region of low proton concentration. SP 7: The student is able to connect and relate knowledge across various scales, concepts and representations in and across domains Images from; http://www.clker.com/cliparts/s/6/X/X/Y/o/color-chain-links-long-md.png MAKE A CONNECTION The light dependent reactions are the result of several types of transport you learned about. EXPLAIN the types of transport involved in a creating H+ gradient and using this gradient to make ATP. SEE ANIMATION ETC proteins act as “PROTON PUMPS” using the energy from moving electrons to actively pump H+ ions from the stroma into the thylakoid space which creating a H+ gradient. H+ ions move passively from an area of high concentration to low through an ION CHANNEL (ATP Synthase) which provides the energy to make ATP. Essential knowledge 2.A.2..d.4. The formation of the proton gradient is a separate process, but it is linked to the synthesis of ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate via ATP synthase. Essential knowledge 2.A.2. g.3. The passage of electrons is accompanied by the formation of a proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane or the thylakoid membrane of chloroplasts, with the membrane(s) separating a region of high proton concentration from a region of low proton concentration. SP 7: The student is able to connect and relate knowledge across various scales, concepts and representations in and across domains. Which ion moves across the membrane through ATP synthase to provide power to add a phosphate to ADP? H+ (Hydrogen ion) Where do the carbon atoms come from that end up in carbohydrates made by the Calvin cycle? Carbon dioxide Which gas is given off during photosynthesis? oxygen Essential Knowledge 2.A.2.The light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis in eukaryotes involve a series of coordinated reaction pathways that capture free energy in light to yield ATP and NADPH, which power the production of organic molecule d.4. The formation of the proton gradient is a separate process, but it is linked to the synthesis of ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate via ATP synthase. Where do H+ ions build up as water is broken down and the light dependent reactions are happening? Thylakoid space Where to does the ATP and NADPH produced during the light-dependent phase end up? It is used by the Calvin cycle to make sugar f. Cellular respiration in eukaryotes involves a series of coordinated enzyme-catalyzed reactions that harvest free energy from simple carbohydrates. Which molecule is split to provide the H+ to make NADPH? H2O Which molecule acts as an ion channel for H+ ions to pass through from the thylakoid space to the stroma? ATP synthase Tell which molecules are oxidized and which are reduced in this reaction Loss of hydrogen atoms Energy Gain of hydrogen atoms Glucose is oxidized; oxygen is reduced Krebs cycle is also called the Citric acid ______________ cycle What is the equation for cellular respiration? 6 O2 + C6H12O6 → 6CO2 + 6 H2O + energy How many carbons are in pyruvic acid? 3 Name the 6 carbon molecule that forms when OAA picks up 2 carbons from acetyl CoA Citric acid (citrate) What happens to Coenzyme A after acetyl Co-A drops off its 2 carbons into the Krebs cycle? Recycles and picks up 2 more carbons from pyruvate Essential knowledge 2.A.1: c. Energy-related pathways in biological systems are sequential and may be entered at multiple points in the pathway. [See also 2.A.2] To foster student understanding of this concept, instructors can choose an illustrative example such as: ~Krebs cycle Which pathway generates the most energy from glucose? FERMENTATION CELLULAR RESPIRATION Cellular respiration Where does glycolysis take place? cytoplasm https://www.pinterest.com/pin/94575660905190262/ ©Pearson Education Inc; Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall; Identify the part: E Outer membrane A = ______________ Intermembrane space B = ______________ inner membrane (cristae) C = ______________ D = ________________ matrix cytoplasm E = ________________ 4.A.d. Mitochondria specialize in energy capture and transformation. [See also 2.A.2, 2.B.3] Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 1. Mitochondria have a double membrane that allows compartmentalization within the mitochondria and is important to its function. 2. The outer membrane is smooth, but the inner membrane is highly convoluted, forming folds called cristae. 3. Cristae contain enzymes important to ATP production; cristae also increase the surface area for ATP production. Give the chemical equation for Lactic acid fermentation Pyruvic acid + NADH → lactic acid + NAD+ After glycolysis, which pathway will pyruvic acid follow if oxygen is present? It will move into mitochondria and enter the Krebs cycle 2.A.2.f. 2. Pyruvate is transported from the cytoplasm to the mitochondrion, where further oxidation occurs. [See also 4.A.2] Identify the 3 stages of cellular respiration: glycolysis #1 = _____________ Krebs cycle #2 = _____________ #3 = _____________ Electron transport chain Essential knowledge 2.A.1: c. Energy-related pathways in biological systems are sequential and may be entered at multiple points in the pathway. [See also 2.A.2] To foster student understanding of this concept, instructors can choose an illustrative example such as: ~ Krebs cycle ©Pearson Education Inc; Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall ~ Glycolysis True or False Only animal cells have mitochondria False; both plants and animals have mitochondria How many carbons are in a glucose molecule? 6; C6H12O6 FROM Biology in Focus Chapter 7 TEST YOUR UNDERSTANDING In mitochondria, exergonic redox reactions A. are the source of energy driving prokaryotic ATP synthesis B. are directly coupled to substrate-level phosphorylation C. provide the energy that establishes the proton gradient D. reduce carbon atoms to carbon dioxide Essential knowledge 2.A.2. g 2. In cellular respiration, electrons delivered by NADH and FADH2 are passed to a series of electron acceptors as they move toward the terminal electron acceptor, oxygen. Give the chemical equation for alcoholic fermentation Pyruvic acid + NADH → alcohol + CO2 + NAD+ How many ATP’s are required to get glycolysis started? 2 ATP Essential knowledge 2.A.2: b.2. Fermentation produces organic molecules, including alcohol and lactic acid, and it occurs in the absence of oxygen. After glycolysis, what determines which pathway pyruvic acid will follow? Presence or absence of oxygen Name the two kinds of fermentation Lactic acid and alcoholic Essential knowledge 2.A.1: c. Energy-related pathways in biological systems are sequential and may be entered at multiple points in the pathway. [See also 2.A.2] To foster student understanding of this concept, instructors can choose an illustrative example such as: ~Krebs cycle ~ Glycolysis ~ Fermentation What is the net production of ATP during glycolysis? Uses 2 ATP; produces 4 ATP Net gain of 2 ATP Beta oxidation During ______________ fats can be broken down into 2 carbon units that enter the Krebs cycle to be burned for energy instead of glucose. Essential knowledge 2.A.1: c. Energy-related pathways in biological systems are sequential and may be entered at multiple points in the pathway. [See also 2.A.2] ~ Krebs cycle ~ Glycolysis Essential knowledge 2.A.2. b.1. Heterotrophs may metabolize carbohydrates, lipids and proteins by hydrolysis as sources of free energy. FROM Biology in Focus Chapter 7 TEST YOUR UNDERSTANDING Which metabolic pathway is common to both fermentation and cellular respiration of a glucose molecule? A. the citric acid cycle B. the electron transport chain C. glycolysis D. synthesis of acetyl CoA from pyruvate Essential knowledge 2.A.2. g 2. In cellular respiration, electrons delivered by NADH and FADH2 are passed to a series of electron acceptors as they move toward the terminal electron acceptor, oxygen. How is pyruvate different from pyruvic acid? Both are forms of same molecule Pyruvate is pyruvic acid that has lost an H. Essential knowledge 2.A.2 f.1. Glycolysis rearranges the bonds in glucose molecules, releasing free energy to form ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate, and resulting in the production of pyruvate. https://www.pinterest.com/pin/50313720817101296/ ©Pearson Education Inc; Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall; Tell its location: D Where Krebs cycle happens = ___ C Where is the Electron Transport Chain found = ___ H+ ions accumulate here B during electron transport = ___ Place where glycolysis E happens= ___ Essential knowledge 2.A.2. g.1. Electron transport chain reactions occur in chloroplasts (photosynthesis), mitochondria (cellular respiration) and prokaryotic plasma membranes. Which electron carrier produces the most ATP… NADH or FADH2? Each NADH makes 3 ATP Each FADH2 makes 2 ATP WHY? NADH releases its electrons at the beginning of ETC so 3 H+ are pumped across the membrane; FADH2 drops off its electrons farther down the chain at cytochrome c so it misses the first proton pump and less H+ are pumped across the membrane. Return of H+ through ATP synthase produces ATP. Essential knowledge 2.A.2. g 2. In cellular respiration, electrons delivered by NADH and FADH2 are passed to a series of electron acceptors as they move toward the terminal electron acceptor, oxygen. Name the 3 carbon molecule produced during glycolysis Pyruvate (pyruvic acid) Type of fermentation used to make yogurt, cheese, saurkraut, kimchi, buttermilk, etc. Lactic acid Essential knowledge 2.A.2 f.1. Glycolysis rearranges the bonds in glucose molecules, releasing free energy to form ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate, and resulting in the production of pyruvate. Muscle fatigue is caused when the process of fermentation produces Lactic acid _____________ The energy produced by electrons passing down the Electron Transport chain are used to pump which ion into the intermembrane space? H+ ions are pumped from the matrix and accumulate in the intermembrane space Essential knowledge 2.A.2. g.3. The passage of electrons is accompanied by the formation of a proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane or the thylakoid membrane of chloroplasts, with the membrane(s) separating a region of high proton concentration from a region of low proton concentration. Which parts of cellular respiration require oxygen? Krebs cycle & Electron transport chain Why is the Krebs cycle also called the citric acid cycle? Citric acid is the first compound formed during the Krebs cycle Which molecule acts as the final electron acceptor at the end of the ETC during cellular respiration? OXYGEN Which molecule acts as the final electron acceptor at the end of the ETC during photosynthesis? NADP+ 2.A.2.c. Different energy-capturing processes use different types of electron acceptors. • NADP+ in photosynthesis • Oxygen in cellular respiration 2.A.2.g. 2. In cellular respiration, electrons delivered by NADH and FADH2 are passed to a series of electron acceptors as they move toward the terminal electron acceptor, oxygen. In photosynthesis, the terminal electron acceptor is NADP+. Name this molecule Adenosine triphosphate http://z.about.com/d/chemistry/1/0/w/a/atp.jpg Image from: http://www.drcruzan.com/Images/Biology/CellularRespiration/KrebsCycle.png During the Krebs cycle some ADP is directly phosphorylated to make ATP without a proton gradient. This is called SUBSTRATE LEVEL _______________ PHOSPHORYLATION Essential knowledge 2.A.2. f.3. In the Krebs cycle, carbon dioxide is released from organic intermediates ATP is synthesized from ADP and inorganic phosphate via substrate level phosphorylation and electrons are captured by coenzymes. Which kind of fermentation puts the air holes in bread? Alcoholic fermentation releases CO2 bubbles which pop and leave holes in the bread What is the final electron acceptor at the end of the Electron Transport Chain during cellular respiration? oxygen If alcoholic fermentation is what makes bread rise, why don’t we get intoxicated from eating the bread? Alcohol evaporates during cooking During short term exercise muscle cells are using which pathway to provide energy? Lactic acid fermentation cellular respiration What happens to the CO2 produced when pyruvic acid is broken down? It is released into the atmosphere What is the energy tally from 1 molecule of pyruvic acid completing the Krebs cycle? 4 NADH 1 ATP __ __ 1 FADH __ __ 6 CO2 2 Essential knowledge 2.A.2. f.3. In the Krebs cycle, carbon dioxide is released from organic intermediates ATP is synthesized from ADP and inorganic phosphate via substrate level phosphorylation and electrons are captured by coenzymes. Essential knowledge 2.A.2. g 2. In cellular respiration, electrons delivered by NADH and FADH2 are passed to a series of electron acceptors as they move toward the terminal electron acceptor, oxygen. In photosynthesis, the terminal electron acceptor is NADP+. Movement of ions across a semipermeable membrane, down their electrochemical chemiosmosis gradient = ________________ Essential knowledge 2.A.2..d.4. The formation of the proton gradient is a separate process, but it is linked to the synthesis of ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate via ATP synthase. Essential knowledge 2.A.2. g.4. The flow of protons back through membrane-bound ATP synthase by chemiosmosis generates ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate How do the levels of AMP and ATP play a regulatory role in the glycolysis pathway? High levels of AMP (means cell is low in ATP) stimulate phosphofructokinase in glycolysis pathway; High levels of ATP inhibit phosphofructokinase to shut off pathway (don’t run glycolysis if not needed) Using a proton gradient created by electron transport chain to make ATP OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION = __________________________ MITOCHONDRION Using energy from breaking a chemical bond to add a P directly from a phosphorylated molecule to ADP without a proton gradient SUBSTRATE LEVEL = __________________ PHOSPHORYLATION Essential knowledge 2.A.2. f.3. In the Krebs cycle, carbon dioxide is released from organic intermediates ATP is synthesized from ADP and inorganic phosphate via substrate level phosphorylation and electrons are captured by coenzymes. https://www.pinterest.com/pin/33143747232391210/ Image from: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Chemiosmotic_proton_transfer.gif MAKE A CONNECTION Explain how bacterial cells can do cellular respiration if they don’t have mitochondria. They have ETC proteins and ATP synthase in their plasma membranes. H+ ions are pumped out of the cell and return through ATP synthase to make ATP. Essential knowledge 2.A.2. g.1. Electron transport chain reactions occur in chloroplasts (photosynthesis), mitochondria (cellular respiration) and prokaryotic plasma membranes. Essential knowledge 2.A.2. g.3. The passage of electrons is accompanied by the formation of a proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane or the thylakoid membrane of chloroplasts, with the membrane(s) separating a region of high proton concentration from a region of low proton concentration. In prokaryotes, the passage of electrons is accompanied by the outward movement of protons across the plasma membrane. Image from: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Chemiosmotic_proton_transfer.gif MAKE A CONNECTION Explain how the location of cellular respiration in bacterial cells provides evidence for the Endosymbiotic theory. Location of ETC proteins/ATP synthase in bacterial cell plasma membranes and direction of H+ ion movement correspond to cristae of mitochondria if bacterial cells were engulfed by a eukaryotic cell and evolved to become the mitochondrial cristae. Essential knowledge 2.A.2. g.3. The passage of electrons is accompanied by the formation of a proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane or the thylakoid membrane of chloroplasts, with the membrane(s) separating a region of high proton concentration from a region of low proton concentration. In prokaryotes, the passage of electrons is accompanied by the outward movement of protons across the plasma membrane. Essential knowledge 1.A.4: Biological evolution is supported by scientific evidence from many disciplines, including mathematics. Essential knowledge 1.B.1: Organisms share many conserved core processes and features that evolved and are widely distributed among organisms today Name these molecules Pyruvic acid Lactic acid http://z.about.com/d/chemistry/1/0/w/a/atp.jpg Alcohol (Ethyl) Essential knowledge 2.A.2. f. Cellular respiration in eukaryotes involves a series of coordinated enzyme-catalyzed reactions that harvest free energy from simple carbohydrates. Essential knowledge 2.A.2. f.1. Glycolysis rearranges the bonds in glucose molecules, releasing free energy to form ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate, and resulting in the production of pyruvate. Where will the NADH produced in this reaction go next if oxygen is present? To electron transport chain in mitochondria Where will the pyruvic acid go next if oxygen is present? Into mitochondrial matrix and into Krebs cycle Essential knowledge 2.A.2. f. Cellular respiration in eukaryotes involves a series of coordinated enzyme-catalyzed reactions that harvest free energy from simple carbohydrates. 2.A.2. f.1. Glycolysis rearranges the bonds in glucose molecules, releasing free energy to form ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate, and resulting in the production of pyruvate. 2.A.2. f. 2. Pyruvate is transported from the cytoplasm to the mitochondrion, where further oxidation occurs. [See also 4.A.2] Where does this reaction happen? In the cytoplasm Where will the pyruvic acid go next if oxygen is NOT present? Stays in cytoplasm and undergoes fermentation Essential knowledge 2.A.2. f. Cellular respiration in eukaryotes involves a series of coordinated enzyme-catalyzed reactions that harvest free energy from simple carbohydrates. Essential knowledge 2.A.2. f.1. Glycolysis rearranges the bonds in glucose molecules, releasing free energy to form ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate, and resulting in the production of pyruvate. Essential knowledge 2.A.2. b. 2. Fermentation produces organic molecules, including alcohol and lactic acid, and it occurs in the absence of oxygen. What happens to the CO2 produced in this reaction? Released into atmosphere Acetyl-CoA will join next with a 4 carbon molecule to make __________ Citric acid Essential knowledge 2.A.2. f. Cellular respiration in eukaryotes involves a series of coordinated enzyme-catalyzed reactions that harvest free energy from simple carbohydrates. Essential knowledge 2.A.2. f. 2. Pyruvate is transported from the cytoplasm to the mitochondrion, where further oxidation occurs. [See also 4.A.2] Essential knowledge 2.A.2. f.3. In the Krebs cycle, carbon dioxide is released from organic intermediates ATP is synthesized from ADP and inorganic phosphate via substrate level phosphorylation and electrons are captured by coenzymes. Where will the citric acid that is produced here go next? Cycle through the Krebs cycle What will happen to the CARBONS from pyruvate that are fed into the Krebs cycle? Intermediates are broken down; carbons are released into atmosphere as CO2; a little ATP is made; electrons are passed to coenzyme carriers (NADH & FADH2) Essential knowledge 2.A.2. f.3. In the Krebs cycle, carbon dioxide is released from organic intermediates ATP is synthesized from ADP and inorganic phosphate via substrate level phosphorylation and electrons are captured by coenzymes. Where does the NADH & FADH2 produced here go next? to the Electron transport chain Where does the ATP produced here go? Used by cell for cellular activities Essential knowledge 2.A.2. f..4. Electrons that are extracted in the series of Krebs cycle reactions are carried by NADH and FADH2 to the electron transport chain. What reaction happens on the matrix side of the membrane when ATP synthase spins? A phosphate is added to ADP to make ATP Essential knowledge 2.A.2. g.4. The flow of protons back through membrane-bound ATP synthase by chemiosmosis generates ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate http://pulpbits.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/Measuring-the-Rate-of-Respiration-330x220.jpg In lab you used respirometers to measure cellular respiration in germinating and non-germinating peas at 10o C and 25o C. If you used the same experimental set up to compare respiration rates in a 25 g reptile and a 25 g mammal at 10o C, what results would you expect? Reptiles are ectothermic (cold blooded) and their body temperature depends on their environment. In cold temperatures, their respiration and metabolic rate slow down. Mammals are endothermic (warmblooded) and body temperature is maintained at a constant temperature. When placed in cold temperatures, mammal metabolic rate and respiration will increase to produce heat and help maintain their body temperature. So respiration rate in a mammal will be greater than in a reptile. 2.A.1.d.1. Organisms use various strategies to regulate body temperature and metabolism • Endothermy (the use of thermal energy generated by metabolism to maintain homeostatic body temperatures) • Ectothermy (the use of external thermal energy to help regulate and maintain body temperature) SP 6.4 Make claims and predictions about natural phenomena based on scientific theories and models. Name the 6 carbon molecule formed in this reaction Citric acid What happens to the Coenzyme A after dropping off its 2 carbons? Recycles back and picks up 2 more carbons from next pyruvic acid Essential knowledge 2.A.2. f.3. In the Krebs cycle, carbon dioxide is released from organic intermediates ATP is synthesized from ADP and inorganic phosphate via substrate level phosphorylation and electrons are captured by coenzymes. https://www.pinterest.com/pin/141019032061836813 / Name the 4 products of the Krebs cycle CO2, NADH, FADH2, ATP Essential knowledge 2.A.2. f.3. In the Krebs cycle, carbon dioxide is released from organic intermediates ATP is synthesized from ADP and inorganic phosphate via substrate level phosphorylation and electrons are captured by coenzymes. Image from: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Chemiosmotic_proton_transfer.gif http://usmle.biochemistryformedics.com/wp-content/uploads/ETC.png MAKE A CONNECTION During WWII prisoners in Nazi concentration camps were killed in gas chambers using Cyclon B. This gas contained CYANIDE, an noncompetitive inhibitor of the enzyme cytochrome c oxidase. Cyanide binds to the iron cofactor in this complex and prevents the passing of electrons from cytochrome c oxidase to oxygen at the end of the electron transport chain. EXPLAIN WHY THIS WOULD KILL SOMEONE. PROVIDE EVIDENCE TO SUPPORT YOUR CLAIM. Essential knowledge 2.A.2. g.3. The passage of electrons is accompanied by the formation of a proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane or the thylakoid membrane of chloroplasts, with the membrane(s) separating a region of high proton concentration from a region of low proton concentration. In prokaryotes, the passage of electrons is accompanied by the outward movement of protons across the plasma membrane. SP 7 The student is able to connect and relate knowledge across various scales, concepts, and representations in an across domains http://usmle.biochemistryformedics.com/wp-content/uploads/ETC.png http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Skull_and_crossbones.svg IF cytochrome c oxidase is prevented from passing electrons to oxygen: ~ movement of electrons along ETC will STOP ~ No electrons moving means no H+ ions pumped into intermembrane space ~ No H+ gradient made means no H+ coming back through ATP Synthase ~ SO . . . ATP production stops If cells don’t have ATP for cellular activities like metabolic activities, heart beating, brain function, etc.> > > DEATH Essential knowledge 2.A.2. g.3. The passage of electrons is accompanied by the formation of a proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane or the thylakoid membrane of chloroplasts, with the membrane(s) separating a region of high proton concentration from a region of low proton concentration. SP 7 The student is able to connect and relate knowledge across various scales, concepts, and representations in an across domains Which of these organisms would you expect to have a higher metabolic rate? Birds would have a greater metabolic rate than an elephant. Smaller organisms generally have a greater rate per unit body mass. 2.A.1.d.3. There is a relationship between metabolic rate per unit body mass and the size of multicellular organisms — generally, the smaller the organism, the higher the metabolic rate. O2 Which molecule acts as the last electron acceptor during cellular respiration to make water? Essential knowledge 2.A.2. g 2. In cellular respiration, electrons delivered by NADH and FADH2 are passed to a series of electron acceptors as they move t toward the terminal electron acceptor, oxygen. Draw a chloroplast Label all the places & spaces. Mark the locations of ETC and Calvin Cycle. Show where H+ ions build up during ETC. Essential knowledge 2.A.2. g.1. Electron transport chain reactions occur in chloroplasts (photosynthesis), mitochondria (cellular respiration) and prokaryotic plasma membranes. Draw a chloroplast 4.A.2.g.3. Chloroplasts have a double outer membrane that creates a compartmentalized structure, which supports its function. Within the chloroplasts are membrane-bound structures called thylakoids. Energy-capturing reactions housed in the thylakoids are organized in stacks, called "grana," to produce ATP and NADPH, which fuel carbon-fixing reactions in the Calvin-Benson cycle. Carbon fixation occurs in the stroma, where molecules of CO2 are converted to carbohydrates. DRAW A DIAGRAM showing the molecules in the thylakoid membrane involved in the light reactions and label them. Add H+ ions to show where H+ ions build up during the light reaction. Tell 2 things that happen to create the H+ gradient. DRAW A DIAGRAM showing the molecules in the thylakoid membrane involved in the light reactions and label them. H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ accumulate in the thylakoid space due to : 1. Splitting water to replace electrons in chlorophyll 2. ETC (proton pumps) actively move H+ from stroma into thylakoid space 2.A.2.g . The electron transport chain captures free energy from electrons in a series of coupled reactions that establish an electrochemical gradient across membranes. 2.A.2.g. 3The passage of electrons is accompanied by the formation of a proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane or the thylakoid membrane of chloroplasts, with the membrane(s) separating a region of high proton concentration from a region of low proton concentration. H+ Draw a mitochondrion. Label all the places & spaces. Mark the locations of glycolysis, Krebs Cycle and ETC. Show where H+ ions build up during ETC. Add some mitochondrial DNA. 4.A.2.d. Mitochondria specialize in energy capture and transformation. [See also 2.A.2, 2.B.3] Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 1. Mitochondria have a double membrane that allows compartmentalization within the mitochondria and is important to its function. 2. The outer membrane is smooth, but the inner membrane is highly convoluted, forming folds called cristae. 3. Cristae contain enzymes important to ATP production; cristae also increase the surface area for ATP production. Draw a picture to explain why NADH makes more ATP than FADH2 when electrons are passed to the ETC during cellular respiration. Image from: http://study.com/cimages/multimages/16/Electron_Transport_Mitochondrion.png NADH drops its electrons at beginning of ETC so as electrons pass down ETC 3 proton pumps move H+ ions into the intermembrane space = 3 ATP when they return through ATP synthase. FADH2 drops its electrons farther down ETC skipping the 1st proton pump so less H+ moved = 2 ATP Image from: http://www.epikness.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/11/chem191ss5q5.gif EXPLAIN why the following graph has the shape it does As long as substrate is unlimited, increasing the amount of enzyme available will increase the reaction rate because there are more enzyme molecules to interact with substrate. 4.B.1.d. The change in function of an enzyme can be interpreted from data regarding the concentrations of product or substrate as a function of time. These representations demonstrate the relationship between an enzyme's activity, the disappearance of substrate, and/ or presence of a competitive inhibitor. LO 4.17 The student is able to analyze data to identify how molecular interactions affect structure and function. [See SP 5.1] Image from: http://www.epikness.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/11/chem191ss5q5.gif EXPLAIN why the following graph has the shape it does Eventually reach a point where all active sites are full. Adding more substrate doesn’t increase reaction rate. As substrate increases, rate increases because more substrate is available for enzymes to interact with. 4.B.1.d. The change in function of an enzyme can be interpreted from data regarding the concentrations of product or substrate as a function of time. These representations demonstrate the relationship between an enzyme's activity, the disappearance of substrate, and/ or presence of a competitive inhibitor. LO 4.17 The student is able to analyze data to identify how molecular interactions affect structure and function. [See SP 5.1] Image from: http://www.epikness.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/11/chem191ss5q5.gif EXPLAIN why the following graph has the shape it does All enzymes have an optimum temperature and pH at which they function the best. Increasing or decreasing the temperature on either side of the optimum decreases enzyme activity. At higher temperatures, enzymes begin to denature and lose their 3D shape so substrate can no longer fit active site and enzyme activity decreases. At lower temperatures, enzyme activity slows due to decrease in molecule collisions. Fewer enzymes and substrates find each other. 4.B.1.d. The change in function of an enzyme can be interpreted from data regarding the concentrations of product or substrate as a function of time. These representations demonstrate the relationship between an enzyme's activity, the disappearance of substrate, and/ or presence of a competitive inhibitor. LO 4.17 The student is able to analyze data to identify how molecular interactions affect structure and function. [See SP 5.1] Why does this graph level off after 4 minutes? Product does not increase any more because enzyme has run out of substrate. Most substrate has been turned into product. Essential knowledge 4.B.1.d. The change in function of an enzyme can be interpreted from data regarding the concentrations of product or substrate as a function of time. These representations demonstrate the relationship between an enzyme's activity, the disappearance of substrate,and/ or presence of a competitive inhibitor. PREDICT what the graph would look like if TWICE as much enzyme was added Initial rate is faster because more enzyme is available to catalyze reaction, but graph still levels out when enzyme has run out of substrate Essential knowledge 4.B.1.d. The change in function of an enzyme can be interpreted from data regarding the concentrations of product or substrate as a function of time. These representations demonstrate the relationship between an enzyme's activity, the disappearance of substrate,and/ or presence of a competitive inhibitor. Image and questions from: http://www.mtchs.org/BIO/text/chapter5/review5.html One of these enzymes is found in humans and the other in thermophilic (heat-loving) bacteria, hypothesize which enzyme came from which organism. Enzyme B is from thermophilic bacteria because its optimum temp is much higher than Enzyme A meaning it can work at much higher temperatures. Essential knowledge 4.B.1.d. The change in function of an enzyme can be interpreted from data regarding the concentrations of product or substrate as a function of time. These representations demonstrate the relationship between an enzyme's activity, the disappearance of substrate,and/ or presence of a competitive inhibitor. Image and questions from: http://www.mtchs.org/BIO/text/chapter5/review5.html Why does the rate of reaction catalyzed by enzyme A slow down at temperatures above 40oC? Above 40o C Enzyme A loses activity because proteins (like enzymes) denature at higher temperatures. They lose function because 2o, 3o, and 4o structure changes shape and active site can no longer bind to the substrate. Essential knowledge 4.B.1.d. The change in function of an enzyme can be interpreted from data regarding the concentrations of product or substrate as a function of time. These representations demonstrate the relationship between an enzyme's activity, the disappearance of substrate, and/ or presence of a competitive inhibitor. Pepsin is an enzyme that works in the stomach to break down proteins. Which graph do you think represents pepsin? Enzyme 1 is pepsin because it has an optimum pH around 2 which would allow it to work in the acidic conditions found in the stomach. Essential knowledge 4.B.1.d. The change in function of an enzyme can be interpreted from data regarding the concentrations of product or substrate as a function of time. These representations demonstrate the relationship between an enzyme's activity, the disappearance of substrate,and/ or presence of a competitive inhibitor. Tell what the following stand for in the Gibbs Free Energy equation ∆G = ∆H - T∆S change in free energy ∆G = __________________ change in total energy (enthalpy) ∆H = _____________ ∆S = _________ entropy temperature T = ___________ -ASE at the end of a molecule’s name is a clue _____ that it is an enzyme. Which of these organisms would you expect to have a higher metabolic rate per unit body mass? Birds would have a greater metabolic rate than an elephant. Smaller organisms generally have a greater rate per unit of body mass. 2.A.1.d.3. There is a relationship between metabolic rate per unit body mass and the size of multicellular organisms — generally, the smaller the organism, the higher the metabolic rate. THE END http://www.gifs.net