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Bellwork • What was the government system that ancient Rome used? How was it similar or different from the modern American system? World History Section 3, Unit 6 Ancient Rome p. 2 Objectives • Identify what caused a shift from the Republic to the Empire • Discuss the role and powers of Julius Caesar • Discuss the Roman empire during the reign of Augustus Caesar • Analyze the culture and daily life of Roman’s during the Roman Empire, including the influence and purpose of the colosseum. Before we continue… • Please draw the following in your notebook, leaving the bottom of your chart unfinished (don’t draw the bottom line): Causes of the Fall of Explanation of cause the Roman Republic 1. Wealth Disparity 2. … (1) Wealth Disparity • The Punic Wars and Rome’s increasing wealth and expanding empire brought many problems. • The most serious was the widening gap between the rich and the poor. Wealth Disparity • Rich landowners lived in huge estates which came from conquered lands and taking farms left untended by soldiers serving in the army. • Romans had thousands of slaves – more an any before them. • Many of the slaves worked on these estates and, by 100 B.C., slaves formed about one-third of Rome’s population. Wealth Disparity • Small farmers found it difficult to compete with the large estates run by slave labor. • Many sold their lands, and both farmers and soldiers, became homeless and jobless. • Most stayed in the countryside and worked as migrant laborers while others left to Rome and other cities to find work. Wealth Disparity Roman Money • Many of these workers joined the urban-poor, which made up about ¼ of Roman society. • While wealthy Romans became corrupted by money and luxury, discontent arose among the slaves and poor. Class tension sewed the seed of the republic’s collapse. Wealth Disparity • Two brothers, Tiberius and Gaius attempted to help Rome’s poor by proposing reforms, such as limiting the size of estates and giving land to the poor. “The savage beasts have their… dens…, but the men who bear arms and expose their lives for the safety of their country, enjoy… nothing more in it than the air and light… and wander from place to place with their wives and children.” --Tiberius Question: What exactly is Tiberius talking about? What group of the poor is he focusing on? Do you agree with him? Wealth Disparity • However, Roman senators strongly opposed their measures, believing them to be a threat. Both brothers met violent deaths and, after their deaths, a period of civil war—or a period of internal fighting within a country—followed. (2) Political Instability • As Rome grew rapidly, the republic was unable to manage its large territory effectively. • As well, changes in the character of the army had led to a rise of politically powerful military leaders. • These generals began recruiting soldiers from the landless poor by promising them land. These soldiers fought for pay and owed allegiance only to their commander, rather to Rome. Political Instability • By 82 B.C., a general called Sulla became dictator of Rome. • Sulla used his power to enact a series of reforms to the Roman constitution and brought order to the government. • He did not stay in office long after restoring the constitution, and his position would not be filled again until 49 B.C. Political Instability • After Sulla, in 60 B.C., Julius Caesar joined forces with Crassus, a wealthy Roman, and Pompey, a popular general. • Together, they formed a triumvirate of leaders in Rome for 10 years. Political Instability • Caesar was a strong leader and a genius in military strategy. • Between 58-50 B.C., he lead his legions in a campaign to conquer all of Gaul. • Because he shared in the hardships of war with his men, Caesar was able to win his men’s loyalty and devotion. Political Instability • News of Caesar’s successes in Gaul reached Rome and he was very popular. • Pompey, who had become his political rival by this time, feared Caesars ambitions. • In 50 B.C., the senate, at Pompey’s urgings, ordered Caesar to disband his legions and return to Rome. Political Instability • Caesar defied the Senate’s orders, leading to another civil war. • In 49 B.C., he took his army across the Rubicon River in Italy and marched his army swiftly into Rome. His rival, Pompey, fled. • Caesar’s troops defeated Pompey’s armies in Greece, Asia, Spain, and Egypt and by 46 B.C., Caesar returned to Rome with the support of the army and the masses– the people wanted a stable leader. Political Instability • In the same year Caesar was appointed dictator by the Senate. • In 44 B.C., he was named dictator for life. Question: is a “dictator” part of the Roman Republic government? Yes and Julius Caesar became a dictator to try and save the dying Republic. Political Instability • Caesar governed as an absolute ruler, with total power. He made sweeping changes including: o Granting Roman citizenship to many people in the provinces of Rome o He expanded the senate, including adding friends and supporters o Helped the poor by creating jobs, primarily through public works projects such as construction o He started colonies where the landless could own land o Increased the pay for soldiers Political Instability • Many nobles and senators were troubled by Julius Caesar’s growing power, success, and popularity and many feared losing their influence--- others thought he was a tyrant. • A number of important senators, lead by Marcus Brutus and Gaius Cassius, assassinated Julius Caesar in 44 B.C. (3) Civil War • After Caesar’s death, civil war broke out again and destroyed what was left of the Roman Republic that both Caesar and Sulla attempted to reform. • Three of Caesar’s supporters came together to crush the assassins: Caesars 18-year-old adopted son Octavian, experienced general Mark Antony, and politician Lepidus. Civil War • The three men ruled as the Second Triumvirate and purged Rome of Caesars enemies. From left to right: Mark Antony Octavian Lepidus Second Triumvirate Civil War • Lepidus retired (after being forced out by Octavian), and soon after Antony and Octavian became rivals. • This rivalry would cause a false accusation as Antony would soon fall in love with the Queen of Egypt. Civil War • Cleopatra was a member of the Ptolemies, the family following the rule of Ptolemy after Alexander the Great’s death. Civil War Mark Antony seeking Cleopatra • Historically, she had ascended to the throne at a young age and was even known to be a mistress of Julius Caesar prior to his death. • She had met Mark Antony as he was leading troops to Anatolia. • He quickly fell in love with her and followed her to Egypt. Civil War • Octavian accused Antony of plotting to rule Rome from Egypt and another civil war erupted. • Octavian defeated the forces of Antony and Cleopatra at the battle of Actium. • After his loss, Antony committed suicide by stabbing himself with his sword, mistakenly believing that Cleopatra had already done so. • His body was brought to Cleopatra, where he died in her arms. She was allowed to conduct Antony’s burial rites after Egypt was captured by Octavian. Civil War • In response to Antony’s death, Cleopatra killed herself either by a mixture of poisons or by an asp(a snake)bite. • Although Cleopatra had children, none would be allowed to succeed her and she would be the last active pharaoh of Ancient Egypt. (4) Emperorship • Octavian claimed he would restore the republic and he did retain some of it’s forms– such as the Senate, which he kept to consult him on matters. • However, he became the unchallenged ruler of Rome and took the title Augustus, meaning “exalted one”. • He also kept the name imperator, or supreme military commander. – The word emperor would be derived from imperator. Mid-lesson Review • What were the four causes of the fall of the Roman Republic? New Empire • Rome was at the peak of it’s power from the beginning of Augustus’ rule in 27 B.C. to A.D. 180. • For 207 years, peace reigned throughout the empire, except for some fighting with tribes along the borders. • The period of peace is known as the Pax Romana--- “Roman Peace”. New Empire • The empire also included more than 3 million square miles and had a population between 60-80 million people. The city of Rome alone had about 1 million people within it. New Empire • Agriculture was the most important industry in the empire. • About 90 percent of the people were engaged in farming and many bought produce locally. • Additional foodstuffs and luxury items were obtained through trade. New Empire • Augustus had established a single currency system, which made trade much easier and allowed for Rome to have a vast trading networks. • Ships traveled throughout the Mediterranean while land trade was done to reach China and India. • The Silk Roads allowed for Rome to access luxury items from eastern nations, including Russia and Persia. New Empire • The borders of the Roman empire measured about 10,000 miles, with people all different cultures and languages. • The Roman army drew support upon the men of these provinces as supporting forces. They were not citizen’s of Rome, but they learned Roman customs and became citizens when they left the military. Through the military, Roman culture was spread to non-Romans. Government • Augustus was an able emperor who stabilized the frontier, glorified Rome with splendid public buildings, and created a system of government that existed for centuries. • He also set up a civil service system, in which he paid workers to manage his affairs in the government, such as tax collection and postal services. New Empire • The Senate’s role was greatly reduced to mostly providing consultation to Augustus. • Civil servants actually administered the empire. New Empire • After Augustus’ death in A.D. 14, the senate chose his adopted son Tiberius as his successor. • However, regardless of the ruler, the government stayed in place due to the effectiveness of the civil service system that Augustus had designed. New Empire • Rome’s peace depended on a the orderly transfer of power. Because Rome had no written laws for selecting a new emperor, a civil war could erupt when a emperor died. • The succession problem was temporarily solved by the leaders known as a the Five Good Emperors. New Empire • The Five Good Emperors reign began after the rule of the three bad emperors– Caligula, Nero, and Domitian- all of whom committed either heinous deeds as emperor (such as mass executions) or were highly ineffective rulers. Nero, for example, was highly vicious, murdered many people, and persecuted Christians. New Empire • Beginning with Nerva in A.D. 96, each of them adopted an heir who was a respected leader and had the support of the people and military. • The Five Good Emperors ended with Marcus Aurelius. When he died in A.D. 180, the decline of the Roman Empire began. – We will discuss the decline in a future lesson. Culture of Rome • Merchants, soldiers, slaves, foreigners, and philosophers all shared the crowded, noisy streets of Rome and the empire. • For Romans, life changed as Rome moved from republic to an empire Culture of Rome • Romans valued discipline, strength, and loyalty. • The Romans were a practical people, who valued strength more than beauty, power more than grace, and usefulness more than elegance. Culture of Rome • At the heart of Roman society was the family. • By law and custom, the eldest man had the power to rule the household. He controlled all the property and had authority over all family members. He could disown newborn children, banish family members, or even sell them into slavery if he so chose. Culture of Rome • By the time the empire became established, women had become nearly social equals of men. • They had more personal freedoms than the women of Greece and most women until the 19th century. Roman women • Women could own property, testify in court, attend plays, festivals and games. • However, the women could not vote. Culture of Rome • Romans favored boys over girls, as boys would become citizens, vote, and carry on family traditions. • Girls would not receive their own names, but rather receive the feminine of their fathers name (ex: Octavian to Octavia). Culture of Rome • Few children went to school. Those who did were usually boys from noble or wealthy families. • Schooling continued until they were at least 16. • Girls from any family were usually educated at home and were prepared for marriage and motherhood. They usually married at 12-15, to a much older husband. Culture of Rome • Slavery was a significant part of Rome with the number of slaves near 1/3 of the population. • Most slaves were conquered people. • Roman law made slaves property of their owners and could be punished, sold, killed, or set free at the choice of their owners. Reading Please read the “Gladiators: 50 AD” printout and answer the following question: What do you think was the point of the Gladiator games? Why would the city of Rome hold such gruesome spectacles? Culture of Rome • Some slaves were forced to become gladiators or gladiatrixes and fought to the death in public contests. Culture of Rome • The Colosseum was used to host gladiatorial shows as well as a variety of other events. • The Colosseum was extremely popular amongst the population. The colosseum could hold around 50,000 people and hosted games such as the hunt and chariot races. Culture of Rome • By the time of the empire, wealth and social status had made huge differences in how people lived. • Classes had little in common with one another. The rich lived extravagantly and spent large sums of money on homes, gardens, slaves, and other luxuries. • They hosted banquets that lasted for hours and included foods that were rare and costly, such as boiled ostrich and parrot-tongue pie. Culture of Rome • During the time of the empire, most of the city’s population was unemployed. • The government supported these people with daily rations of grain. • In the shadow of Rome’s greatness, the poor crowded into dangerous areas. Culture of Rome • To distract and control the masses of Romans, the government provided free games, races, mock battles, and gladiator contests. • By 250 A.D., there were 150 holidays a year. • The Colosseum served to ensure that the Roman masses would not notice the problems plaguing Rome. To this end, the purpose of the Colosseum was quite successful. Culture of Rome • The Pax Romana brought 200 years of peace and prosperity to Rome. During this time, a new religion would form in the east that would soon begin to spread across the empire. Review Objectives • Identify what caused a shift from the Republic to the Empire • Discuss the role and powers of Julius Caesar • Discuss the Roman empire during the reign of Augustus Caesar • Analyze and explain the culture and daily life of Roman’s during the Roman Empire, including the influence and purpose of the colosseum. Questions • If you have any questions, please ask now. Next Lesson • In the next lesson, we are going to discuss the beginnings of Christianity and it’s roots in Judaism. Closure Review • I’m going to number everyone off, 1-4. When I’m done, please sit with your group. • The following group numbers correspond with the topics: 1. 2. 3. 4. Political Instability Wealth Disparity Civil War Emperorship Closure Review • What we are going to do is each group is going to create a short presentation (no posters) arguing how their topic helped to bring an end to the Roman Republic. • Please use both your notes and the “Roman Republic Collapses” info sheet– you will have 15 minutes to find information and organize your presentation.