Download biochemistry-part1

National University
Syllabus
Department of Bio-Chemistry
Four Year B.Sc Honours Course
Effective from the
Session:2009-2010
1
Year wise Courses, Marks and Credits distribution
First Year :
Subject Code
2952
2653
2954
2955
2960
6302
6305
6312
6315
Subject Title
Biophysical Chemistry
Bioorganic Chemistry
Introductory Biochemistry
Introductory Molecular Biology
Practical
Botany-1
Botany-1 Practical
Zoology-1
Zoology-1 Practical
Total =
Detailed Syllabus
2
Marks
50
100
100
50
100
100
50
100
50
700
Credit
2
4
4
2
4
4
2
4
2
28
Subject Code: 2952, Course Title: Biophysical Chemistry, 50 marks,
2 credits
1.
Thermodynamics:
(a)
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
First law of thermodynamics: Introduction, definitions, nature of heat and work, PV
work, maximum work, first law of thermodynamics - internal energy, enthalpy, molar
heat capacities, isothermal and adiabatic expansion.
(b) Thermochemistry : Exothermic and endothermic reactions, standard enthalpy of
formation,
thermochemical equations, reaction enthalpy - dependence on temperature, bond
energies.
(c) Second law of thermodynamics: Thermodynamics - reversibility and irreversibility,
spontaneous processes, entropy, thermodynamic efficiency and Carnot’s theorem,
statements of second law, entropy changes - phase transition, heating, irreversible
processes. Third law of thermodynamics. Free energy - variation with temperature and
pressure, Gibbs-Helmholtz
equation, applications of thermodynamics in biochemistry, biochemical relevance of
classical thermodynamics, open systems.
Chemical equilibrium :
The nature of chemical equilibrium, law of mass action, equilibrium constant, relationship
between G and Keq, effect of temperature and pressure, Le Chattelier principle, equilibrium
reaction involving protons, coupling of reactions. Applications in living systems.
Chemical Kinetics : Definition, reaction rate, rate laws, zero-, first- and second-order
reactions, molecularity of a reaction, pseudo first order reaction, half-life, determination of
order and rate constant, effect of temperature on reaction rates. Theories of reaction rates - the
collision theory, the activated complex theory. Catalysis : Definition, types, characteristics of
catalysts, activation energy and catalysis.
Acids and bases : Bronsted-Lowry concept, Lewis concept, strengths of acids, weak acids
and bases, pH, buffer solutions. Henderson-Hasselbalch equation, buffering against pH
changes in biological systems, maintaining the pH of blood, acid-base indicators, acid base
titration, choice of a suitable indicator.
Properties of liquids (brief treatment): Introduction – the kinetic molecular description,
intermolecular forces in liquids, dielectric constant, surface tension, viscosity, diffusion,
osmotic pressure, phase rule, phase diagram of water, ionization of water, water as a reactant.
Spectrophotometry : Beer-Lambert law, standard curves, working principle of a
spectrophotometer.
Books Recommended :
1. Essentials of Physical Chemistry
By : B.S. Bahl G.D. Tuli and A. Bahl
Publisher : S. Chand & Company Ltd.
2. Physical Chemistry with Application in Biological Systems
By : Ramond Chang
Publisher : Macmillan Publishers Co.
3. Text Book of Physical Chemistry
By : S. Glasstone
Publisher : D. Van Nostrand Company
4. Elements of Physical Chemistry
By. S. Glasstone and D. Lewis
Publisher : The Macmillan Press
3
Subject Code: 2953, Course Title: Bioorganic Chemistry, 100 marks,
4 credit
1.
Physico-chemical parameters for biomolecules:
Inter and Intramolecular interaction: covalent, ionic bond, hybrid orbitals, polarity
of bonds, electronegativity, dipole, hydrogen bonding, dihydrogen bonding,
hydrophobic interactions, Van der waals interaction.
2.
Nature of bonding in organic molecules and in relation to biomolecules:
Delocalized chemical bonding-conjugation, cross conjugation, resonance,
hyperconjugation, bonding in fluorescences, tautomerism.
3.
Reaction intermediates:
Formation, structure, stability and reactions of Carbocation, Carbanions, free
radicals, Nitrenes, Carbenes, Benzynes.
4.
Reaction mechanism: Structure and Reactivity
Types of mechanisms, types of reactions, thermodynamic and kinetic requirements,
kinetic and thermodynamic control, hammond’s postulate, curtin-Hammett
principle. Potential energy diagrams, Generation, structure, stability and reactivity
of carbocations, carboanions, free radicals, carbenes and nitrenes. Effect of
structure on reactivity-resonance and field effects, steric effect, quantitative
treatment. The Hammett equation and linear free energy relationship, substituent
and reaction constants. Taft equation.
5.
Aliphatic nucleophilic substitution
The SN2, SN1, mixed SN1 and SN2 and SET mechanism (single electron transfer)
Aromatic nucleophilic substitution
The ArSN1ArSN2, benzyne and SRN1 mechanism. Reactivity-effect of
substrate structure, leaving group and attacking nucleophile.
Organic synthetic techniques involved in bioactive drug research
Protection, deprotection of functional groups. Introduction to asymmetric synthesis
6.
7.
8.
Stereochemistry and stereoisomerism:
Enantiomers and chiral molecules, biological importance of chirality,
polarimeter, plane polarised light and optical activity, diastereoisomers,
racemic modification, meso structures, the (R-S) system, synthesis of chiral
molecules, chiral drugs.
9.
Alcohols, ethers, epoxides and diols: Occurrence, nomenclature, structure,
synthesis, physical and chemical properties and uses.
10.
Dienes: Structure and properties of 1, 3-butadiene, addition reactions,
polymerisation, Diels-Alder and other reactions of dienes.
11.
Aromaticity:
Structure of benzene, sources of aromatic hydrocarbons, industrially important
aromatic compounds, nomenclature of benzene derivatives, electrophilic and
nucleophilic aromatic substitution, chemistry of aromatic aliphatic compounds.
4
12.
Aldehydes and ketones:
Nomenclature, synthesis, nucleophilic addition, elimination reaction, oxidation and
reduction of carbonyl compounds, haloform reaction, enolisation in biological
system, -halocarbonyl compounds, aldol condensation, benzoin condensation,
Claisen condensation, crossed aldol and crossed Claisen condensation, perkin
condensation. Witting reaction, Reformatsky reaction, ,-unsaturated carbonyl
compounds
13.
Carboxylic acids and their derivatives: Nomenclature, synthesis, classification,
properties, reactions, uses, decarboxylation reactions, dicarboxylic acids, esters.
14.
Nitro-compounds and amines: Occurrence, nomenclature,
classification, properties, reactions, uses, diazonium compounds.
15.
Phenols: Occurrence, nomenclature, synthesis, properties and reactions, polyhydric
phenols.
Chemistry: reaction classification and synthesis of heterocyclic compounds with
special reference to – pyrroles, purines and pyrimidines.
16.
synthesis,
Books Recommended:
1. Organic Chemistry
By : R.T. Morrison and R.N. Boyd
Publisher: Allyn and Bacon Inc.
2. Organic Chemistry
By : I.L. Finar Vol. 1 and Vol. 2
Publisher : English Language Book
Society and Longman Group. Ltd.
3. Organic Chemistry
By: H. Hart and R.d. Schuetz
Publisher: Houghton Mifflin Company
4. Contemporary Organic Chemistry
By: A. L. Ternay
Publisher: W.B. Sanders Company
5. Concepts In Modern Chemistry
By: P. Kavanah, J. Robbins and J. Oberkrieser
Publisher: Cambridge Book
Subject Code: 2954 , Course Title: Introductory Biochemistry, 100 marks,
4 credit
1. History, scope and future of biochemistry
2. Concept of life and living process. The identifying characteristics of a living matter.
3. The cell and its evolution, from molecules to the first cell, from .prokaryotes to eukaryotes,
structure and function of sub-cellular organelles, their isolation and identification, brief
treatment of meiosis and mitosis.
5
4. Biomolecules:
Carbohydrates : Biological functions of carbohydrates, classification and
(i)
nomenclature, optical properties, ring structure of common monosaccharides, proof
of ring structure of glucose, mutarotation of glucose, general .properties and colour
test of reducing sugars, important derivatives of monosaccharides, sugar acids.
(ii)
Disaccharides: Maltose, lactose, sucrose and other disaccharides, isolation from
natural source, structure and biological importance.
Polysaccharides: Storage and structural polysaccharides, structures and functions of
starch, glycogen and cellulose, other polysaccharides of biological interests:
structure and their functions.
Lipids: nomenclature, classification, general reactions of fats, fatty acids, and
sterols, structure and biological functions of different classes of lipids, isolation of
cholesterol and .phospholipids from natural sources.
Amino acids and peptides: Structural features, optical activity, classification,
physio-chemical properties of amino acids and peptides.
(iv) Proteins: General introduction to .proteins, classification of proteins based on
biological functions, shape and structure, isolation, and purification, primary
structure of proteins, sequence determination of insulin, sequence homology of
homologous proteins, denaturation of proteins.
Fibrous proteins: Secondary structure of proteins, protein conformation, alphakeratins, X-ray analysis of keratin, planar peptide bonds, alpha-helix, helix forming
and destablizing amino acids, the insolubility of alpha-keratins, beta-keratins –
conformation and structure, structures of collagen and elastin, filamentous proteins –
actin, myosin and microtubules.
Globular proteins: Tertiary structures of proteins: distinctive tertiary structures of
myoglobin, and ribonuclease, renaturation of unfolded and denatured ribonuclease,
factors maintaining the tertiary structure of globular proteins, oxygen-binding curves
of haemoglobin and myoglobin, the cooperative binding of oxygen by haemoglobin,
factors contributing to oxygen saturation curve of hemoglobin, sickle-cell anaemia
and its relation to haemoglobin.
Protein purification and characterization : Dialysis and ultrafiltration, density
gradient centrifugation, gel filtration, isoelectric .precipitation, solvent fractionation,
salting-in and salting-out of proteins, electrophoresis, ion-exchange chromatography,
selective adsorption, affinity chromatography, minimum molecular weight
determination.
Books Recommended:
(iii)
1. Lehninger Principle of Biochemistry
By: David L., Nelson and Michael M. Cox.
Publisher: W.H. Freeman and Company, New York
2. Biochemistry
By: Lubert Stryer
Publisher: W.H. Freeman and Company, New York
3. Biochemistry
By: Donald Voit and Juldith Voit
6
Publisher: John Wiliy & Sons.
4. Cell and Molecular Biology
By: Gerald Karp
Publisher: John Willy & Sons
Subject Code: 2955, Course Title: Introductory Molecular Biology,
50 Marks, 2 credits
1. Heredity: Mendel’s laws of inheritance, gene concept, conceptual relationship
between gene and chromosomes, and gene and enzymes.
2. DNA as genetic material:
3. Chemistry of nucleic acids: Classification and composition of nucleic acids, bases,
sugars, nucleosides, nucleotides and polynucleotides.
4. DNA structure: Watson and Crick model and its characteristics, isolation of DNA
from natural sources, its physico-chemical properties.
5. Gene expression:
(i) Replication as continuity of transfer of genetic information.
(ii) Transcription, types of RNAs, their characteristics and function.
(iii) Translation leading to functional protein synthesis, colinearity of genes and
proteins.
6. Application of Molecular Biology: Concept
(i) Recombinant DNA technology – isolation of genes, restriction endonuclease,
vectors, cloning and expression of cloned genes.
(ii) Agricultural and industrial applications with examples.
(iii) Application in medical and related fields – forensic studies, detection of
molecular diseases, pharmaceutical production, gene therapy.
(iv) Some Molecular Biology techniques – Polymerase chain reaction, DNA
fingerprinting, DNA mapping, use of genetic markers, DNA sequencing.
7. Recombinant DNA technology – friend or foe: Concept and controversies of
Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO).
Books Recommended :
1. Genes
By Benjamin Lewin
Publisher: Oxford University Press.
2. Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry
By David L. Nelson and Michael Cox
Publisher: W.H. Freeman and Company, New York
3. Molecular Biotechnology
By B.R. Glick and J.J. Pasternak
Publisher: A.S.M. Press
7
Subject Code: 2960, Course Title: Practical, 100 marks , 4 credits
Time: 2 days
(6 hours/day)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Use of analytical balance.
Preparation of standard solutions.
Standardisation of HCl.
Estimation of acetic acid content of vinegar.
Estimation of calcium by the permanganate method.
Estimation of iron content of Mohr’s salt by the dichromate method..
Estimation of copper by iodometry.
Estimation of ascorbic acid content of biological samples.
Identification of organic compounds and colour tests for biomolecules.
Separation of amino acid mixture by paper chromatography,
Books Recommended :
1. Text Book of Organic Chemistry
By A.I. Vogel
Publisher : Allyn and Bacon Inc.
2. Test Book of Practical Inorganic Chemistry
By A.I. Vogel
Publisher : English Language Book Society and Liongman Group Ltd.
Course Code: 6302, Course Title: Botany -I Marks 100, 4 Credits, 60 Lectures
1.
Introduction: Origin and evolution of life; differences between plants and
animals; modern concepts of classification of living organisms.
Microbiology:
2.
a)
Introduction to Viroids, Prions, Rickettsia and Mycoplasma.
b)
Virus: Physical and chemical nature of phage, plant and animal
viruses, multiplication of HIV virus and economic importance.
Bacteria: Types, fine structure, reproduction and importance.
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
Fungi: Habitat, characteristics, classification up to class
(Alexopoulos), reproduction, importance, life history of
Saccharomyces.
Cyanobacteria: Habitat, characteristics, structure, importance of Cyanobacteria .
Algae: Habitat, characteristics, classification up to class (Fritsch),
reproduction, importance; life history of Oeodogonium.
Phytoplankton: Habitat, characteristics, classification and importance.
3.
Lichen: Habitat, characteristics, classification and importance.
4.
Limnology: Definition, scope, importance and classification of lakes.
5. Bryophyta: Habitat, characteristics, classification up to classes and
reproduction; life
history of Riccia and Anthoceros.
8
6.
7.
Pteridophyta: Habitat, characteristics, classification up to classes,
importance; life history of Selaginella and Christella.
Gymnosperms: Habitat, characteristics and importance; life history of Cycas and Gnetum.
8.
Angiosperms: Habitat, characteristics, ICBN, classification systems of
plant kingdom. (Artificial, natural & phylogenetic). Identifying
characters
and economic importance of the following families: (a) Fabaceae, (b)
Solanaceae and (c) Malvaceae and (d) Poaceae.
9. Plant Pathology: Concept of diseases in plants, causes, diagnosis,
classification and importance of plant diseases, symtomatology and
control measures; forecasting of plant diseases. Causal organisms,
symptoms and control measures of brown spot of rice, stem rot of jute,
citrus canker and tungro disease of rice.
10. Economic Botany: Local and scientific names, parts used and importance
of at least 8 prominent plants of each of the following groups: (a) Food,
(b) medicine, (c) timber, (d) fibre, (e) oil and (f) vegetables. Cultivation
and processing of tea and rubber.
Books Recommended
1.
2.
3.
Agrios, G.N. 1997
Bold, H.C. and
M.J. Wynne. 1978
Hawker, Lilian, E. 1967
:
:
:
4.
Lawrence, G.H.M. 1951
:
5.
Pelczer, M.J., E.C.S. Chan : Book Co. and N.R. Krieg. 1993
6.
Vashista, P.C. 1993
7.
Mukherji, H. and Ganguly, 2000 :
8.
Hill,F.A. 1972.
:
:
Plant Pathology (4th ed.). Academic Press, London.Introduction to the Algae, Prentice Hall, India
Fungi, Hutchinson Univ. Library, Cambridge Univ. Press, London.
Taxonomy of Vascular Plants. The Macmillan Co. New York.
Microbiology: Concepts and Applications. McGraw Hill Inc. New York.
Botany for Degree Students: Pteridophyta. S.C. Chand & Co. Ltd. Ramnagar, New Delhi.
Plant Groups, Centrl Book Agency, Calcutta.
Economic Botany, Tata McGraw-Hill Publishin Company,India.
9
9. , k¨v gj K zgvi, cvj, wbkx_ K zgvi : Ac y®úK Dw™¢`weÁvb (1g I 2q LÛ), evsjv GKv‡W gx, XvKv|
cvkv, † gv ¯—dv Kv gvj, 1995
10. Lvb, AvR gvR` Avjx Ges
ZwiK zj Bmjv g
11. L ›`Kvi gwbi“¾v gvb, 1994
12. evmvi, Gg. G., G g.G. nvmvb
Ges g.
iwdK zj Bmjv g. 2004
13. nvmvb, Gg. G. Ges
Gg. †K. Avj g. 1997
14. LvZ zb, iv‡e qv, 2002
mœvZK Dw ™¢` weÁvb 1g, 2q I 3q LÛ|
wj g‡bvjRx, XvKv wek¦we`¨vj q cÖKvkbv, XvKv|
Dw™¢` weÁvb, nvmvb eyK nvDR, evsjv evRvi, XvKv
Dw™¢` †kªYx web¨vm ZË¡ (3q ms ¯‹iY), nvmvb eyK nvDm,
XvKv| Dw™¢`
†kªYxweb¨vm, BD‡iKv eyK G‡RwÝ, ivRkvnx|
Course Code: 6305, Course Title: Botany -I Practical Marks 50, 2 Credits, 30
Lectures, Time : 6 hours
1.
Detail study including dissection (where necessary), mounting, drawing, description
and identification with classification of the following genera:
........................ 10
Cyanobacteria : N o s t o c , a n a b a e n a .
: Chlamydomonas, Oedogonium .
2.
Pteridophyte
: Selaginella, Christella.
Gymnosperms : Cycas.
Angiosperm
: Poaceae and Fabaceae
Identification of the following genera with reasons:
Algae Fungi
Volvox, Polysiphonea and Fucas.
Rhizopus, A garicus, Puccinia and Penicillium.
Lichen
Crustose, Foliose and Fructose.
Bryophyte
Anthoceros, Semibarbula.
Pteridophyte
Selaginella, Marsilea, Azolla and Pteris
Gymnosperms
Male and female cones of Cycas,
Scientific names of common plants around the institution.
Angiosperms
06
3. Find out algal specimens from local fresh water sample; draw and describe ........................ 05
10
4. Study of the symptoms and causal organisms of Brown spot of rice and stem rot of Jute.
5.
6.
7.
8.
................... 05
Detailed taxonomic study of the families as included in the theory syllabus.
................... 08
Study of plant and plant parts, and economic uses of angiosperms included in the syllabus.
................... 06
Preparation of herbarium specimens of local plants and submission during examination.
................... 05
05
Laboratory Note book.
11
Books Recommended
1. Agrios, G.N. 1997
2. Bold, H.C. and
M.J. Wynne. 1978
3. Devlin, M.R. and
H.F. Witham. 1986
4. Esau, K. 1953
: Plant Pathology (4th ed.). Academic Press, London. : : : : Itroduction to the
Algae, Prentice Hall, India
: Plant Physiology (4th ed.). CBS Publishers and Distributors, New Delhi.
: Plant Anatomy. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York.
5.
Goodwin, T.W. and
E.I. Mereer. 1983
6. Hawker, Lilian, E.
1967
: Introduction to Plant Biochemistry (2nd ed.). Pergamon Press.
: Fungi, Hutchinson Univ. Library, Cambridge Univ. Press, London.
7. Kumar, H.D. 1995
8. Lawrence, G.H.M.
1951
9.
Pelczer, M.J.,
E.C.S. Chan and
N.R. Krieg. 1993
: General Ecology, Vikash Pub. House, India.
: Taxonomy of Vascular Plants. The Macmillan Co. New York.: Microbiology: Concepts
and Applications. McGraw Hill Book Co. Inc. New York.
1
10. Vashista, P.C. 1993
: Botany for Degree Students: Pteridophyta. S.C. Chand & Co.
Ltd. Ramnagar, New Delhi.
: e¨envwiK Dw ™ ¢`weÁvb, evsjv GKv‡W g x, XvKv|
11. cvkv, † v —dv
g ¯
Kv g vj iv q , k¨v g j
K z g vi, 1986
12. AvLZvi“¾v g vb, g.
13. AvLZvi“¾v g vb, g. 2000
14. Bmjv g , G. Gm. 1984
15. K g© Kvi, h` y jvj. 2000
16. Lvb, Av g Rv` Avjx Ges
ZwiK z j Bmjv g
17. L › `Kvi g wbi“¾v g vb, 1994
18. Rv g vb, Gg. G. 1975
19. evmvi, Gg. G., G g .G. nvmvb
Ges
g. iwdK z j Bmjv g . 2004
20. nvmvb, Gg. G. 1996
21. nvmvb, Gg. G. Ges
Gg. †K. Avj g . 1997
: eskMwZ we`¨v, nvmvb eyK nvDR, XvKv|
: weeZ © b ev`, nvmvb eyK nvDR, XvKv|
: eskMwZ we`¨vi g~j K_v, evsjv
GKv‡W g x, XvKv|
: Dw™ ¢` kixi weÁvb, nvmvb eyK nvDR,
XvKv|
: mœvZK Dw™¢` weÁvb 1g, 2q I 3q LÛ|
: wj g ‡bvjRx, XvKv wek¦we`¨vj q
cÖKvkbv, XvKv| :
: †Kvlwe`¨v,
evsjv GKv‡W g x, XvKv|
: Dw™ ¢` weÁvb, nvmvb eyK nvDR, evsjv evRvi, XvKv|
: evsjv‡`‡ki †flR Dw ™ ¢`, Avkivwd q v eB Ni, evsjv
evRvi, XvKv| : : Dw ™ ¢` †kªYx web¨vm ZË¡ (3q
ms ¯ ‹iY), nvmvb eyK nvDm, XvKv|
12
Course Code 6312, Course Title: Introduction to Zoology: Protozoa and
non-chordates, Human Physiology, and Applied Zoology Marks 100, 4
Credits, 60 Lectures
Group-A: Introduction to Zoology: Protozoa and non-chordates
Introduction to Zoology: Definition and scope of zoology. Foundation of animal life:
Level of organization (protoplasmic, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organism,
species, individual, population, community, fauna, biota, ecosystem, biosphere,
biodiversity. Cells: Cell and cell theory, structure and functions of cell organelles.
Gametogenesis: Spermatogenesis and oogenesis; placentation. Classification of animals:
Animal kingdoms; classification up to phyla on the basis of organization, symmetry,
coelom and phylogeny; different taxa and Linnean hierarchy and nomenclature.
Protozoa and non-chordates: General characteristics of the following protozoa and nonchordates phyla with examples – Apicomplexa, Ciliophora, Porifera, Cnidaria,
Ctenophora, Platyhelminthes, Gastrotricha, Nematomorpha, Rotifera, Acanthocephala,
Kinorhyncha, Loricifera, Priapulida, Supuncula, Pogonophora, Tardigrada, Onychophora,
Phoronida, Brachiopoda, Bryozoa/Ectoprocta, General and diagnostic characteristics of
the following phyla with examples – Sarcomastigophora, Annelida, Arthropoda and
Mollusca.
Type study of the following with their systematic position, habitats, external morphology,
organ systems such as digestion, movement, circulation, respiration, excretion, nervous,
and reproduction; food and feeding habits, mode of life and development –
a.
Phylum Sarcomastigophora: Euglena
b.
Phylum Apicomplexa: Eimeria
c.
Phylum Ciliophora: Paramecium
d.
Phylum Porifera: Scypha
e.
Phylum Cnidaria: Obelia
f.
Phylum Nematoda: Ascaris
g.
Phylum Mollusca: Pila
h.
Phylum Arthropoda: Prawn
i.
Phylum Echinodermata: Astropecten
j.
Phylum Hemichordata: Balanoglossus.
Group-B: Human Physiology and Applied Zoology
Human Physiology: Outline of the physiology of digestion, blood circulation,
respiration, excretion and reproduction; endocrine glands and their functions; vitamins
and vitamin deficiency diseases.
Applied Zoology: Introduction to the major fields of applied zoology: Entomology,
Fisheries Biology, Wildlife Biology, and Parasitology. Agricultural pests: Major pests of
rice, jute, sugarcane and stored grains. Integrated fish farming: Types, poultry, livestock
and paddy-cum-fish culture. Poultry farming: System of poultry farming, diseases of
poultry and their control, economic importance of poultry and their impacts on socio economic condition of Bangladesh.
Course Code: 6315, Course Title: Zoology Practical-I (time: 6 hrs in one day)
Lectures
Marks 50, 2 Credits, 30
1. Study of museum specimens: Representative of all major non-chordate phyla
(minimum 20 specimens to be studied).
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
2. Study of permanent slides: Whole mount, body parts and various cells and invertebrate
tissues (at least 10 slides to be studied)
Whole animals – representatives of protozoans, rotifers and arthropods.
Mouth parts of arthropods.
Parasites – nematodes and platyhelminths.
Different larval forms of invertebrates.
Histological slides of invertebrates.
3. Preparation and study of whole mounts of different non-chordates.
4. External morphology and dissection of various organ systems of earthworm,
cockroach, prawn, Pila and Lam ellidens.
a. Digestive system of prawn, Pila and Lamellidens.
c.Nervous system of cockroach, grasshopper, prawn, Pila and Lamellidens.
5.
a.
b.
c.
Temporary mounting –
Brain of earthworm.
Salivary gland of cockroach.
Statocyst of prawn.
6.
Study of appendages of prawn.
7.
Animal physiology –
a.
b.
Estimation of blood pressure and pulse rate.
Determination of blood group.
8.
Class records.