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700 BCE to 500 CE #1. Based on location alone, how would Rome’s location be beneficial? Located on the Italian Peninsula (vocab). ◦ Created a crossroads for trade, cultural exchange, and conquest in the Mediterranean basin. The Alps provided Italy with protection, as did the seas (Mediterranean) surrounding the Italian Peninsula. ◦ Distant from eastern Mediterranean powers City of Rome lies on the Tiber River. #2 Why are myths and legends created? Religion was polytheistic. ◦ Religion was part of Rome’s culture, politics, and art. Roman gods and goddesses were based on Greek mythology Explained natural phenomena, human events and life events. Roman gods Jupiter Juno Neptune Mars Venus Greek Name Zeus Hera Poseidon Ares Aphrodite Manerva Athena Diana Artemis Apollo Apollo Role King of gods Queen of gods God of Seas God of War Goddess of Love Goddess of Wisdom Goddess of the hunt and the moon Music Romans also deified some emperors during the Age of Empires. ◦ Deified – gave “godlike” status to emperors. #3. Why do you think people believed some of their leaders were gods? The Roman Republic contained 3 social classes: ◦ Patricians – wealthy – held public office ◦ Plebeians – majority of population consisting of landowners, townspeople, merchants, and farmers. – could not hold public office ◦ Slaves – people forced into servant class by conquest, birth or debt (not race) – was held by patrician and plebeian men Citizenship ◦ And selected foreigners (Athens?) Citizens had rights not extended to slaves and non-Romans. ◦ Citizen responsibilities: vote pay taxes serve in the military. Consuls – at the top of government. ◦ 2 people elected by the Assembly each year. ◦ Served one year terms. ◦ Could veto (reject) decisions by the Assembly. ◦ Ran the government. #4. What would the U.S. equivalent (the same/equal) be of a Roman consul? How many people serve as president of the U.S. at one time? How long is a president’s term? How many terms can a president serve? Two bodies made up the representative branch of government ◦ Senate ◦ Assemblies Senate – patricians that controlled the finances and foreign affairs of Rome. Advised the consuls. (#5) Assembly – made laws for Rome ◦ Tribunes – part of the assembly that was made up of plebeians. ◦ Could veto (reject) actions of the Senate and Consuls. (#6) The Republic became more democratic as plebeians gained rights and power. (#7) Twelve Tables – First codified set of Roman laws (451 BCE). The ◦ Defined laws and gave plebeians more rights. ◦ Established that all citizens had the right to legal protection. Roman Republic Government Consuls Served 1 year Elected by Assembly Could veto Assembly Consuls Served 1 year Elected by Assembly Could veto Assembly Senate Made of Patricians Controlled finance and foreign affairs Citizens Elected Senate Patricians and Plebians Assembly Made of Patricians Made laws Citizens Elected Assembly Patricians and Plebians Tribunes Could Address Senate and Assembly Made up of Plebians Could veto Senate and Consuls Rome fought Carthage in 3 wars that lasted over 100 years, to determine who would dominate the Mediterranean trade Intro Video #2 Who controlled most of Sicily by 264 BC? 2nd Punic War (Punic war video) Hannibal, Carthaginian general, commanded a mixed army of North Africans and Europeans against Rome. 218 BCE – led troops with elephants across Pyrenees Mountains of Spain, through France, and over the Alps of Italy into northern Italy ◦ Trek took 15 years – arrived with most of his men and most of the elephants. ◦ Roman army had expected a southern invasion. (#3) Hannibal Song Video Hannibal got to Rome but never defeated the city of Rome. (#4) Rome counter-attacked the city of Carthage. ◦ Hannibal left Italy to defend Carthage and was defeated outside of Carthage. Carthage gave up all land except in Africa. ◦ Rome now ruled most of the Mediterranean. Hannibal was later tracked down and committed suicide. 3rd Punic War Rome was still angry from the 2nd Punic War and Carthage was mounting forces for an attack of Rome. Rome attacked Carthage first and completely destroyed the city. Romans destroyed its major political and economic competitor. Able to expand trade and wealth Roman culture would now follow conquest. Now Rome dominated the Mediterranean. Romans would remain unchallenged and go on to conquer Western Europe (Gaul and British Isles) Large landowners began to use more slaves. ◦ Caused small farmers to lose their lands and move to cities. As cities grew, these people were unable to find work. The Middle Class (plebeians) demanded more rights. Rome entered into a time of civil war for 100 years. (#5) ◦ Slave and plebeians uprising. 2 Wealth and Slaves flood into Rome 1 The empire expands 5 The unemployed mob cause increased corruption & military commanders become too influential as the army becomes dependent on the spoils of war 3 Senators buy up vast properties 4 Smallholders move to Rome to try and find work Julius Caesar began as a leader of the Roman Army. ◦ Popular for his military conquest. 60 BCE Caesar joined with Pompey (military hero) and Crassus (the richest man in Rome) to form the First Triumvirate. Together they ruled Rome, but jealousies soon turned them against each other. Caesar turned his army towards Rome and crushed Pompey and the Senate. ◦ “Veni, Vidi, Vici” – I came, I saw, I conquered. Caesar for life. then made himself dictator Maintained the Senate but Caesar had the real power. ◦ Packed the Senate with his followers. Public works of Rome (roads, aqueducts, buildings) to employ the poor. Public land to the poor. Extended citizenship to conquered people. Julian Calendar – based on Egyptian calendar and used for 1600 years. Senate grew more fearful of Caesar’s power. March 15, 44 BCE – “Beware of the Ides of March!” Caesar was murdered by members of the Senate. Rome broke out into a new civil war. Julius Caesar Video Spread of slavery into farming Migration of unemployed farmers to cities Assassination of Julius Caesar Civil wars as Caesar gained power and after his assassination. k e Devaluation of Roman Currency - Inflation After Caesar died ◦ His 18 year old grandnephew Octavian joined forces with Marc Antony (Caesar’s general) and Marcus Octavian Lepidus Second triumvirate defeated Caesar’s assassins in 42BCE #1 Antony Lepidus Octavian forced Lepidus to retire from political life Octavian declared war on Marc Antony when he married Cleopatra ◦ Antony and Cleopatra committed suicide in Egypt to avoid capture Octavian became undisputed ruler of Rome Octavian believed Rome needed one strong leader ◦ Senate agreed and appointed Octavian consul, tribune, and commander in chief for life - 27BCE Octavian gave himself the title of Augustus-Majestic One Augustus Caesar Rome became an Empire and Augustus was the Emperor. Imperial = empire = large area under single ruler and military Failure to have change of power from one emperor to the next. Civil war giving rise to Octavian (Augustus) http://videopediaworld.com/video/17886/Ancient -Civilizations-Rise-of-the-Roman-Empire