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Theories of Learning A.P. Psychology Mrs. Hall What is “Learning”? • A relatively permanent change in observable behavior due to experience (Myers, pg. 309) • Most behaviors are learned – Personal habits – Personality traits – Emotional responses – Personal preferences BEHAVIORISM • Associative learning – certain events occur together – “Conditioning” – process of learning associations (b/w env’tal stimuli & behavioral responses) • Classical Conditioning – association of 2 stimuli (involuntary responses) • Operant Conditioning – association of behavior & consequences (voluntary behaviors) 1. CLASSICAL CONDITIONING Also called… Pavlovian Conditioning Stimulus – Response Learning What is Classical Conditioning? Learning that occurs as a result of pairing two unrelated stimuli to bring about the same physiological / reflexive response UnConditioned Stimulus Neutral Stimulus Conditioned Stimulus UnConditioned Response no response Conditioned Response Classical Conditioning Terminology • Conditioned – learned • Unconditioned – unlearned (not learned / natural / automatic) • Stimulus – any detectable input from the environment • Response – reaction to a stimulus Classical Conditioning Terminology • Elicit – to draw forth – Most UCR/CR are REFLEXIVE / PHYSIOLOGICAL • Trial – any presentation of stimulus or pairing of stimuli IVAN PAVLOV • Russian physiologist – Nobel prize for role of saliva in digestion (1904) Pavlov’s Discovery meat powder Unconditioned Stimulus footsteps salivation Unconditioned Response No response Neutral stimulus footsteps Conditioned Stimulus salivation Conditioned Response Pavlov’s Experiment meat powder Unconditioned Stimulus bell salivation Unconditioned Response No response Neutral stimulus bell Conditioned Stimulus salivation Conditioned Response Classical Conditioning Terminology • Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) – stimulus that naturally & automatically elicits a response • Unconditioned Response (UCR) – response naturally elicited by an unlearned stimulus Classical Conditioning Terminology • Conditioned Stimulus (CS) – previously neutral stimulus that is associated with an UCS that now elicits a learned response (CR) • Conditioned Response (CR) – learned response to a previously neutral stimulus Classical Conditioning • UCS must occur AFTER CS – d/n work well to present UCS before CS Classical Conditioning Concepts • Acquisition – initial stage of learning something – Begins w/ association b/w a CS and a UCS – Novel, unusual, or especially intense stimuli have more potential to become CS than routine stimuli Classical Conditioning Concepts • Extinction – gradual weakening & disappearance of CR tendency – Caused by presentation of CS alone w/o UCS • CS gradually loses capacity to elicit CR • Depends on strength of conditioned bond • Spontaneous Recovery – reappearance of one extinguished response after period of nonexposure to CS – Weaker than original CR – Shows that extinction d/n lead to “unlearning” John B. Watson • Father of modern behaviorism – First American behaviorist • First to use Classical Conditioning on humans – “Little Albert” “Little Albert” • 7 repetitions = conditioned fear • 5 days later = stimulus generalization “Little Albert” loud noise UCS fear UCR rat No response Neutral stimulus rat fear CS CR Classical Conditioning Concepts • Stimulus discrimination – CR only appears when presented with original CS • Stimulus generalization – CR appears when presented w/ stimulus similar to CS More Classical Conditioning Concepts • Taste aversion – avoidance of food that caused (or is associated with) illness – John Garcia – Adaptive behavior • Protection from dangerous stimuli Taking Classical Conditioning to the Next Level • Higher order conditioning – CS functions to condition another NS to CS – Associations we have made through past experience can become UCS • Cognitive processes involved in CC – We do think about associations Classical Conditioning in Everyday Life • Conditioned fears – Phobias • Conditioned emotional responses – Advertising – Being in love • Physiological responses – Immunosupression – Allergic reactions Biological Predispositions • Once believed conditioning occurred same in all organisms AND any neutral stimulus could elicit a CR – Not so! – Predispositions to associating certain stimuli over others • Taste aversion – association with food, but not music playing, plate served, perfume worn by person next to • Easier to condition fear of snakes than flowers
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