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Transcript
Biology 2.3 & 2.4 Notes Name___________________ Date__________Hour______ Macromolecules Organic Compounds Organic compounds are compounds which contain the element ______________ (except ________). Carbon can make _______ covalent bonds. This allows carbon to link together in large organic molecules. There are 4 categories of organic compounds in living things: 1. ________________________ 2. ________________________ 3. ________________________ 4. ________________________ Carbohydrates Carbohydrates contain the elements ________________, _________________, and ____________________. They almost always have the elements ______________ and ______________ in a ratio of _______________. The monomer building blocks of carbohydrates are called _______________________. ____________________ means “one/single sugar” Ex. ________________________ ____________________ means “two sugars” Ex. ________________________ ____________________ means “many sugars” Ex. ________________________ You can identify sugars by the -__________ at the end of their name. Ex.______________________ Monomers Saccharides Glucose Fructose Galactose Disaccharides Sucrose (table sugar, candy) = glucose + fructose Lactose (found in milk) = glucose + galactose Polymer Polysaccharides Starch = chains of many glucose Cellulose = multiple glucose chains linked Glycogen = branched chains of glucose 1. List at least two foods you eat that contain carbohydrates. 2. List the monomer building block in each disaccharide or polysaccharide you eat. 3. List a common source for each polysaccharide above. Break Down of Carbohydrates Carbohydrates contain lots of quick energy. The energy is stored in the covalent bonds. To release this energy, carbohydrates must be broken down. Carbohydrates are broken down in a process called ___________________. (_________ meaning water and __________ meaning to break apart) Water is able to break these bonds during hydrolysis placing –H on one end of the break and an –OH on the other end of the broken chain resulting in individual sugars. Building of Carbohydrates The exact opposite occurs when linking two or more monosaccharides together. Carbohydrates are built in a process called _____________________________________. (________________ meaning to remove water and __________________ meaning to put together) Insert picture Lipids Lipids, also called fats, contain the elements ________________, _________________, and ____________________. There are two main types of fats: ______________________ and _________________________. Property Contains double bonds (yes or no) Saturated Fat Unsaturated Phase at room temperature Spacing of molecules Examples What is a trans fat? What are some functions of fat? One type of fat is called a _____________________________, (_______ meaning three and ____________________ meaning attached to glycerol). A triglyceride is made by attaching three _________________________ to a glycerol molecule. The fatty acids are attached by the process of _____________________________________. Fats are broken down by ______________________. Insert Picture Lipids Monomer Glycerol Fatty acids Polymer Saturated fat = glycerol + fatty acids Unsaturated fat = glycerol + fatty acids Phospholipid =glycerol + fatty acids + phosphate 1. List two items that you eat that contain fat. 2. Explain if the fat was a solid (ex. butter) or a liquid (olive oil) at room temperature. 3. List the names of the types of monomers that join together to form a molecule of fat. Proteins Proteins contain the elements ________________, _________________, ________________ and ____________________. Examples of sources of protein are ______________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________. A special type of protein that is used to speed up chemical reactions in the cell are ______________. Enzymes act by lowering the __________________________________. The monomer building blocks of protein are _______________________, which are also called ___________________. ____________________ means one amino acid ____________________ means two amino acids ____________________ means many amino acids Amino acids are linked together by ______________________________ and broken apart by ____________________. Draw an example of a protein being made. Draw an example of protein being broken down. Insert picture Monomer Amino Acids - 20 different kinds of molecules Polymers Proteins: Structural proteins & enzymes Insulin: regulates absorption of blood sugar Catalase: regulates the breakdown of cellular waste Amylase: begins the hydrolysis of starch molecules Lactase: begins the hydrolysis of lactose 1. List at least two foods you eat that contain protein. 2. List the type of monomer that forms each protein molecule.
