* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download DATIVE SUBJECTS IN LITHUANIAN AND ICELANDIC
Survey
Document related concepts
Polish grammar wikipedia , lookup
Spanish grammar wikipedia , lookup
Chinese grammar wikipedia , lookup
Portuguese grammar wikipedia , lookup
Kannada grammar wikipedia , lookup
Georgian grammar wikipedia , lookup
Scottish Gaelic grammar wikipedia , lookup
Serbo-Croatian grammar wikipedia , lookup
Old Irish grammar wikipedia , lookup
Turkish grammar wikipedia , lookup
Lexical semantics wikipedia , lookup
Pipil grammar wikipedia , lookup
Yiddish grammar wikipedia , lookup
Latin syntax wikipedia , lookup
Lithuanian grammar wikipedia , lookup
Romanian nouns wikipedia , lookup
Icelandic grammar wikipedia , lookup
Dative case wikipedia , lookup
Transcript
SLE 2012 Baltic languages in the European context: Theoretical, comparative and typological perspectives. 45th Annual Meeting of the Societas Linguistica Europaea 29 August-01 September 2012 Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden Valgerður Bjarnadóttir Department of Baltic Languages, Finnish and German Stockholm University [email protected] DATIVE SUBJECT CONSTRUCTIONS Man (yra) šalta me:DAT is:3pres cold:ADJ.NEUT Mér me:DAT er is:3pres ‘I’m cold/ I’m freezing’ LITH kalt ICEL cold:ADJ.NEUT OUTLINE Introduction Case and argument structure Semantics (domains of occurrence of DS constructions) Few tests for ´subjecthood´ Circum-Baltic parallels Different historical development Conclusion : Case and argument structure in: Lithuanian Icelandic ACC DAT ACC DAT ACC-# DAT-# ACC-# DAT-# ACC-NOM DAT-NOM †ACC-NOM DAT-NOM ACC-ACC (DAT-ACC) ACC-ACC (DAT-ACC) ACC-GEN DAT-GEN †ACC-GEN †DAT-GEN ACC-PP DAT-PP ACC-PP DAT-PP ACC-S DAT-S ACC-S DAT-S DATIVE SUBJECTS IN LITHUANIAN Kaip tau How you:DAT sekasi? do :3PRES DAT # pavasaris spring:NOM DAT NOM pagalbos help:GEN DAT GEN eiti go:INF DAT INF ‘How do you feel/do? ’ Man I:DAT patinka like: 3PRES ‘ I like spring’ Man reikia I:DAT need:3PRES ‘I need help’ Man reikia I:DAT need:3PRES ‘I need to go’ DATIVE SUBJECTS ICELANDIC Henni leiðist She:DAT bore:3PRES DAT # She is bored Henni She:DAT líkaði like:3PAST bókin book:NOM DAT NOM She liked the book †Þuríði batnaði sóttarinnar (oldIcel) Turid:DAT recovered illness:GEN DATGEN Turid recovered from her illness Henni virðist líða vel She:DAT seems to feel:INF well She seems to feel fine DAT INF DATIVE +ADJ/NOUN/ADV LITHUANIAN Man šalta I:DAT cold:ADJ NEUT DAT ADJ Man gėda dėl mamos DAT NOUN I:DAT shame because mother:GEN ‘ I am ashamed of my mother’ Man gaila tavęs I:DAT sorry:ADV you:GEN ‘ I feel sorry for you’ DAT ADV DATIVE +ADJ/NOUN/ADV ICELANDIC Mér I:DAT er is:3PRES kalt DAT ADJ cold:NEUT Mér er vorkunn I:DAT is pity ‘One should feel sorry for me’ DAT NOUN Mér er sama I:DAT is same ‘I don´t care ’ DAT ADV Lithuanian DAT Subj Cxns Dat-[XP] -Experiencer +Experiencer Possession verb Obligation/necessity Happenstance: Emotions Success Cognition Failure/mistake Perception Gain Bodily states/changes verb verb adj Valgerður Bjarnadóttir Attitutes verb verb verb adj DATIVE SUBJECTS SEMANTICS Hate Love Disgust hope-wish Possession Be of concern Be difficult Sorrow Shame Lack/need Suit/become Be sufficient/suffice Occur to one´s mind Be pleased/like/dislike Succeed/benefit/get Bodily state/change Have fear /agony Seem/appear Be surprised Obligation Valgerður Bjarnadóttir Be in danger Find strength in Speaking Expect SUBJECTHOOD (Initial position preferred +) Control of reflexive pronouns + (Control of converbs -) Raising to subjects + Control of infinitive – (Coreferential deletion –/+) (Source of diathetic change –) Double Dat cxns ? Control of reflexives Katrei reikėjo savo/*jos draugės Katrė:DAT need:3PST her:_+refl/-refl friendGEN ‘Katrė needed her friend ’ Katrės reikėjo *savo/jos Katrė:GEN need:3PST her ‘The friend needed Katrė’ draugei friend:DAT (Christen, 1995, 23) Control of reflexives Old Lithuanian koġ berêikia mumus ape ſawé rûpintiś? what:GEN need us:DAT about us:REFL care:INF ‘what do we need to care about ourselves’ (DP. 81.21, 1590) Raising to subject Man pradėjo skaudėti I:DAT began:3PST hurt:INF ‘My head began to hurt ’ Iegu kad If that galvą (Mod Lith) head:ACC pradeſti mumis neſ kaneti Pana dewa ßadis begin we:DAT not like lord God´s word:NOM ‘If we begin to dislike God´s word ’ (WP 209,r19, 1573) Control of PRO Infinitive *Jis tikisi [PRO] patikti ši knyga (Lith) He:NOM hopes like:INF this book:NOM Hann vonast til að líka þessi bók (Icel) He:NOM hopes like:INF this book:NOM Intended meaning: ‘He hopes to like this book’ Striking parallelisms across Eastern Circum-Baltic area Seržants (2012) :DAT subj pred. in West Finnic, Baltic and Russian show structural parallelisms in lexical, morphological and syntactic levels Subject control of PRO in infinitival complements * Nenoriu būti šalta not.want:PRS.1SG be:INF cold:ADV *Negrību būt auksti not.want:PRS.1SG be:INF cold:ADV *Ne xoču byt’ xolodno not want:PRS.1SG be:INF cold:ADV *Ei taha olla külm. not want be:INF cold:ADV ‘I don’t want to be cold’ (Seržants 2012) LITHUANIAN LATVIAN RUSSIAN ESTONIAN Double dative cxns Mergaitei buvo baisu vienai eiti per mišką. Girl:DAT be afraid:3PRS alone:DAT go:INF through forest ‘The girl was afraid to go alone through the forest’ Nepakanka būti geram not enough be:INF good:DAT ‘It is not enough to be good/kind’ Double dative cxns in old Lith Neger jra szmogui wienam buti not good is man:DAT alone:DAT be:INF ‘It is not good for a man to be alone’ (VE 50 14, 1579) Prisieinas jam búti nuògam Need he:DAT be:INF naked:DAT ‘he needs to be naked’ (Fraenkel, 1928, 120) Double Dative Vytautas paprašė tėvo [PRO ateiti vienam] Vytautas asked father:GEN PRO:DAT to come alone:DAT ‘Vytautas asked father to come alone’ (Lavine, 2000, 76) Honum leiðist einum He:DAT is bored alone:DAT Honum leiðist að vera einn/?einum He:DAT is bored to be alone:NOM/DAT (Icel) DAT-INF LITHUANIAN Mumus wissiems mirti (Old Lith) weDAT allDAT dieINF ‘we all must die’ (BrB II Moz 12,33) Nesa iam buwa sawa Walnistes mieste pasilikti, ikki smerties Because himDAT was his free cityLOC stay till death ‘because he has to stay in his refuge city till death’ (BrB II Moz 35,28) DAT-INF in other languages Tev nebūs zagt! you:DAT not to:FUT steal:INF ‘You shall not steal’ (Latv) Mi budetь nynĕ poĕxati I:DAT be:3sg now leave:INF ‘I have to leave’ (Old Russ) Me ys to erigenne I:DAT is:3Pr to plough:INF ‘I have to plough’ (Old English) (ME I 359) (Ambrazas, 2006,339) (Bauer, 2000,212) DAT with participles and absolute DAT Geresnia butu tam Szmogui ne gimmusiam Better be:3COND this man:DAT not born:DAT ‘It would have been better for this man not to be born’ (BrB Mrk 14, 21, 1590) Mumus iautantemus preg graba staghis est didis We:DAT waking:DAT at grave suddenly is big drebeijamas szemes shaking:NOM earth:GEN ‘while we are waking by the grave there was suddenly a violent earthquake’ (WP 157. 1) DAT. SUBJ. WITH NEUT. ADJ. LITHUANIAN Jis šaltas ‘he is cold’ vs. Jam šalta ‘he is freezing, he feels cold’ Jis sunkus ‘he is heavy’ vs. Jam sunku ‘it is difficult for him’ Jis nuobodus ‘he is boring’ vs. jam nuobodu ‘he is bored’ Jis baisus ‘he is terrifying’ vs. Jam baisu ‘he is afraid’ Jis juokingas ‘he is funny’ vs. Jam juokinga ‘he thinks it is funny’ DAT. SUBJ. WITH NEUT. ADJ. ICELANDIC Hann er kaldur vs. Honum er kalt (cold-freezing) Hann er heitur vs. Honum er heitt (hot) Hann er ljúfur vs Honum er ljúft (sweet/pleasing) Hann er illur ‘he is evil/mean’ vs. Honum er illt ‘He is hurting/feels sick’ Honum er óglatt ‘He is nauseated’ Honum er bumbult ‘He is nauseated’ DAT. SUBJ. WITH REFLEXIVE VERBS LITHUANIAN Aš matau mišką ‘I see the forest’– Man matosi miškas ‘To me the forest is seen’ or ‘I can see the forest / man girdisi muzika ‘I can hear music” Jis čia gerai miega -Jam čia gerai miegasi ‘He sleeps here well’ heDAT well sleep3Pr.Rfl Jis (intensyviai) dirba - Jam (*intensyviai) dirbasi ‘he (strenuously) works ’ heDAT (*strenuously) works DAT. SUBJ. WITH REFLEXIVE VERBS ICELANDIC Ég heyri ‘I hear’ vs. mér heyrðist ‘ I:DAT thought I heard’ /mér misheyrðist ‘I misheard’ ‘*mér heyrðist tónlist’ Ég finn ‘I find’ vs. mér finnst ‘ It seems to me’ Ég sé ‘I see” vs. mér sést yfir ‘it escapes my notice’ Ég mæli ‘I speak’ vs. Mér mælist vel (*af ástettu ráði) I:DAT delivered a good speech (*deliberately) CONCLUSION Similarities: ◦ Argument structure : however more variation in Lith ◦ Main semantic groups Differences: ◦ Certain semantic differences(possession, speaking, sorrow/shame, lack/need) ◦ Subjecthood ◦ Circum-Baltic parallels ◦ Less semantically restricted in an be assigned in almost all instances -non-finite- regardless of the lexical semantics of the verb Tack! Takk! Thank You! Ačiū!