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Latin I Review Cambridge Unit I Fall 2012 Magistra Chadwell Basic Parts of Speech • Noun*** ▫ A person, place or thing (puella, canis, villa) • Pronoun*** ▫ Used in place of a noun (Remember that Latin doesn’t necessarily use pronouns) • Adjective*** ▫ A word used to describe a noun ▫ Comparatives and Superlatives (faster, fastest) • Verb*** ▫ Words used to express action or state of being Basic Parts of Speech • Adverb*** ▫ Describes a verb (lentē--slowly) • Preposition ▫ Introduces a phrase which gives more information about the sentence (in tablinō—in the study) • Conjunction ▫ Connecting words (et—and) • Interjection ▫ Used to express emotion (eheu!—alas!) • ****indicates words that are inflected Nouns • Nouns are separated into declensions. • A declension is a group of nouns that share the same endings. • Nouns have case, number and gender ▫ Case indicates the nouns function. ▫ Number refers to singular or plural. ▫ Gender often has no bearing on the noun. • The dictionary entry of a noun gives you the nominative and genitive forms of the word, the gender and the meaning. (beginning w/ Unit 2) Nouns (con’t) • You haven’t learned genitive case yet, but that is the word you use to identify the declension and get the stem. Singular 1st 2nd 3rd Nominative --a --us, -r No set ending Dative --ae --o --i Accusative --am --um --em Plural 1st 2nd 3rd Nominative --ae --I --es Dative --is --is --ibus Accusative --as --os --es Nouns (con’t) • Nominative Case—used for the subject and predicate ▫ Mater est in tablino. ▫ Coquus est iratus. • Dative Case—used for the indirect object (to/for) and with intransitive verbs ▫ Mater puellae librum dat. ▫ Mihi placet. (mihi licet….?) • Accusative—used for the direct object (some prepositions) ▫ Mater puellae librum dat. Verbs • Verbs are broken down into conjugations based on their infinitive • Verbs have 5 characteristics ▫ ▫ ▫ ▫ ▫ Person (perspective of the subject) Number (singular or plural) Tense (time frame of the action) Voice (later this year) Mood (later this year) • You’ve learned 3 of the 6 tenses (present, imperfect and perfect) Verbs (con’t) • Present tense is used for an action happening now. ▫ Can be translated 3 different ways. Laborat works, is working, does work • Imperfect tense is used for a repeated or incomplete past action ▫ Can be translated several ways and recognized by –ba. ▫ Laborabat was working, used to work, began to work Verbs (con’t) • Perfect tense is used for a single, completed past action. ▫ Has its own set of endings ▫ Uses a different stem from present and imperfect (-v, -u, -x, -s, vowel change, long mark, extra syllable, sometimes no change) ▫ Can be translate three different ways ▫ Laboravit worked, did work, has worked • You did learn an important irregular verb (sum) Miscellaneous Information • Latin doesn’t use articles (a/an, the) • Pronouns—ego, tu, nos, and vos I You (s) Nom ego tū Dat mihi tibi Acc mē tē We You (P) Nom Nōs Vōs Dat Nōbīs Vōbīs Acc nōs vōs Miscellaneous Information • Question words ▫ -ne (added to first word) ▫ num (expects a no answer) ▫ quid, quis, cur, ubi • Comparative and Superlative adjectives ▫ Laetus, laetior, laetissium happy, happier, happiest ▫ Pulcher, pulchrior, pulcherrimuspretty, prettier, very pretty