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Latin I Review
Cambridge Unit I
Fall 2012
Magistra Chadwell
Basic Parts of Speech
• Noun***
▫ A person, place or thing (puella, canis, villa)
• Pronoun***
▫ Used in place of a noun (Remember that Latin
doesn’t necessarily use pronouns)
• Adjective***
▫ A word used to describe a noun
▫ Comparatives and Superlatives (faster, fastest)
• Verb***
▫ Words used to express action or state of being
Basic Parts of Speech
• Adverb***
▫ Describes a verb (lentē--slowly)
• Preposition
▫ Introduces a phrase which gives more information
about the sentence (in tablinō—in the study)
• Conjunction
▫ Connecting words (et—and)
• Interjection
▫ Used to express emotion (eheu!—alas!)
• ****indicates words that are inflected
Nouns
• Nouns are separated into declensions.
• A declension is a group of nouns that share the
same endings.
• Nouns have case, number and gender
▫ Case indicates the nouns function.
▫ Number refers to singular or plural.
▫ Gender often has no bearing on the noun.
• The dictionary entry of a noun gives you the
nominative and genitive forms of the word, the
gender and the meaning. (beginning w/ Unit 2)
Nouns (con’t)
• You haven’t learned genitive case yet, but that is the
word you use to identify the declension and get the stem.
Singular
1st
2nd
3rd
Nominative
--a
--us, -r
No set ending
Dative
--ae
--o
--i
Accusative
--am
--um
--em
Plural
1st
2nd
3rd
Nominative
--ae
--I
--es
Dative
--is
--is
--ibus
Accusative
--as
--os
--es
Nouns (con’t)
• Nominative Case—used for the subject and
predicate
▫ Mater est in tablino.
▫ Coquus est iratus.
• Dative Case—used for the indirect object
(to/for) and with intransitive verbs
▫ Mater puellae librum dat.
▫ Mihi placet. (mihi licet….?)
• Accusative—used for the direct object (some
prepositions)
▫ Mater puellae librum dat.
Verbs
• Verbs are broken down into conjugations based
on their infinitive
• Verbs have 5 characteristics
▫
▫
▫
▫
▫
Person (perspective of the subject)
Number (singular or plural)
Tense (time frame of the action)
Voice (later this year)
Mood (later this year)
• You’ve learned 3 of the 6 tenses (present,
imperfect and perfect)
Verbs (con’t)
• Present tense is used for an action happening
now.
▫ Can be translated 3 different ways.
 Laborat works, is working, does work
• Imperfect tense is used for a repeated or
incomplete past action
▫ Can be translated several ways and recognized by
–ba.
▫ Laborabat was working, used to work, began to
work
Verbs (con’t)
• Perfect tense is used for a single, completed past
action.
▫ Has its own set of endings
▫ Uses a different stem from present and imperfect
(-v, -u, -x, -s, vowel change, long mark, extra
syllable, sometimes no change)
▫ Can be translate three different ways
▫ Laboravit worked, did work, has worked
• You did learn an important irregular verb (sum)
Miscellaneous Information
• Latin doesn’t use articles (a/an, the)
• Pronouns—ego, tu, nos, and vos
I
You (s)
Nom
ego
tū
Dat
mihi
tibi
Acc
mē
tē
We
You (P)
Nom
Nōs
Vōs
Dat
Nōbīs
Vōbīs
Acc
nōs
vōs
Miscellaneous Information
• Question words
▫ -ne (added to first word)
▫ num (expects a no answer)
▫ quid, quis, cur, ubi
• Comparative and Superlative adjectives
▫ Laetus, laetior, laetissium happy, happier,
happiest
▫ Pulcher, pulchrior, pulcherrimuspretty, prettier,
very pretty