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Evgw, eivmi to; A[lfa
Beginning Greek for
Bible Study
Class #5
Conjunctions and Other
Grammatical Friends
kai; to; w=
Exegetical Example
1 Peter 1:3 - Blessed be the God and Father of
our Lord Jesus Christ, who according to His
great mercy chas caused us to be born again to
a living hope through the resurrection of Jesus
Christ from the dead, 4 to obtain an inheritance
which is imperishable and undefiled and will not
fade away, reserved in heaven for you, 5 who
are protected by the power of God through faith
for a salvation ready to be revealed in the last
time.
Exegetical Example
tou.j evn duna,mei qeou/ frouroume,nouj dia. pi,stewj eivj
swthri,an e`toi,mhn avpokalufqh/nai evn kairw/| evsca,tw|Å
Alpha
Beta
Gamma
Delta
Epsilon
Zeta
Eta
Theta
Iota
Kappa
Lambda
Mu
a
b
g
d
e
z
h
q
i
k
l
m
a
b
g
d
e
z
e
th
i
k
l
m
Father
Bible
gone
dog
met
daze
obey
thing
intrigue
kitchen
law
mother
Nu
Xi
Omicron
Pi
Rho
Sigma
Tau
Upsilon
Phi
Chi
Psi
Omega
n
x
o
p
r
s-V
t
u
f
c
y
w
n
x
o
p
r
s
t
u
ph
ch
ps
o
new
axiom
not
peach
rod
study
talk
oops
phone
loch
lips
tone
Conjunctions
Conjunctions are words that link thoughts
together.
Conjunctions are significant in Bible study
because they show the relationship
between clauses.
There are two basic types of conjunctions:


Coordinating
Subordinating
Coordinating Conjunctions
A coordinating conjunction connect
grammatically equal units.






kai, - “and,” “also,” “even,” “but”
de, - “and,” “now,” “then,” “but”
ga,r – “for”
avlla, - “but”
ou=n – “therefore”
h; – “or”
Subordinate Conjunctions
Subordinate conjunctions introduce
dependent clauses





o[ti – “because,” “that”
i[na – “so that,” “in order that,” “that”
eiv – “if”
eva,n – “if”
o[te – “when”
Correlative Conjunctions
Correlative conjunctions are pairs of
conjunctions that function together:







me,n … de, – on the one hand … but on the other
kai, … kai, - both … and
h; … h; - either … or
mh,te … mh,te – neither … nor
ou;te … ou;te – neither … nor
ou,k … avlla, - not … but
te … kai, - both … and
Interlinears and Homework
English Greek New Testament (EGNT)
and Interlinear for the Rest of Us (IRU) are
the same book.
It is an interlinear New Testament, which
gives the NIV English text, the Greek text,
parsing information, and Strong’s codes.
Advantages of IRU
By keeping the English word order, the
text is more user friendly.
The parsing information is very helpful.
A Greek-English Dictionary is included
Disadvantages of IRU
The book is expensive ($49.99 retail, $32
online)
The Greek text that is used in IRU is a
non-standard Greek text.
There are other options which may be
better solutions.
Other options
The New Greek English Interlinear New
Testament by Brown & Comfort (Tyndale,
1993) - $24.99 retail, $16.50 online.
Or online:


www. blueletterbible.org
www.searchgodsword.org
Adjectives
An adjective is a word that modifies a noun
or pronoun.
Adjectives can function in two ways:


Attributive – John is a good man.
Substantive – The poor and the rich have a
common bond, the LORD is the maker of them
all (Prov. 22:2).
Adjectives can be in the predicate:

John is bad.
Adjectives
Other phrases can function to modify nouns
(prepositional phrase, participial phrase).
A phrase can also function as a substantive
(noun).
Greek Adjectives
Unlike English, Greek adjectives are not
always right in front of the noun they modify.
The word order can be:

Article + adjective + noun
avpo. th/j prw,thj h`me,raj a;cri tou/ nu/n
From the first

day
Article + noun + article + adjective
to. pneu/ma to. a[gion
the spirit
the holy = the holy spirit
This is how Greek handles attributive
adjectives
Greek Adjectives
Greek adjectives can also function as
substantives (think, “nouns”).



VIwsh.f de. o` avnh.r auvth/j( di,kaioj w'n
Joseph
but the husband of her righteous being
But Joseph, her husband, being a righteous man
Another important example is Matt. 6:13



avlla. r`u/sai h`ma/j avpo. tou/ ponhrou/
But
But
deliver us
deliever us
from
from
the
evil
evil one.
Greek Adjectives
An adjective must agree with the word it
modifies in case, number, and gender.
The Greek Article
Greek only has a definite article. It does
not have an indefinite article like English.
The function of the article is not simply to
make definite something that would
otherwise be indefinite.
The Greek Article
Definite article - oi` maqhtai.
Grammatical marker - meta. tw/n avgge,lwn tw/n a`gi,wn
With proper nouns (names) - o` VIhsou/j
To make a participle or adjective into a noun le,gei tw/| avnqrw,pw| tw/| th.n xhra.n cei/ra e;conti
To function as a personal, possessive, or
relative pronoun - Oi` a;ndrej( avgapa/te ta.j gunai/kaj
Often not used when English requires it - VEn
avrch/| h=n o` lo,goj
Cases
English
Greek
Subjective Nominative
Usage
subject
Possessive
Genitive
possession
-
Dative
indirect
object
Objective
Accusative
direct
object
Prepositions
In Greek, the preposition governs the case of
the object

Some prepositions always take the same case of
the object:
evn – dative = “in”
evk – genitive = “out of”
eivj – accusative = “into”

However, some prepositions take objects in
different cases. The case determines the
meaning of the preposition:
dia, - with the genitive = “through”
dia, - with the accusative = “on account of”
Participle phrases
A participle is a verb ending in “ing.”
A participle phrase is a participle that takes
an object and often modifiers as well.
(“seeing the black cat”)
Participle phrases
Sometimes translators will change a
participial phrase (dependent) to an
independent clause or phrase. They do this
for two reasons:

Greek often has very long sentences which need
to be broken up when translating into English.
Eph. 1:3-14 is one sentence in Greek!
In order to break the section up into manageable
sections, some participles are turned into regular
verbs (vs. 5 – “predestining” => “predestined”)
This is sometimes necessary in English, but unhelpful
in terms of seeing the author’s flow of thought.
Participle phrases
Sometimes translators will change a
participial phrase (dependent) to an
independent clause or phrase. They do this
for two reasons:

Greek likes using a participle followed by a
regular verb.
“Herod called the Magi secretly and found out from
them…” (Matt. 2:7)
“Therefore go and make disciples of all nations,
baptizing them… and teaching them…” (Matt. 28:1920)
Clauses
Relative clause – a relative pronoun is a
noun substitute (“who(m), whose, that,
which what(ever)).
Sometimes a pronoun needs to be added
to make the relative clause makes sense
in English:


“Who will be first will be last” =>
“He who will be first will be last”
Clauses
Pronouns and antecedents – an
antecedent is the noun a pronoun refers
to. Sometimes, the translation from Greek
to English makes the antecedent unclear.





o] ga.r avpe,qanen( th/| a`marti,a| avpe,qanen evfa,pax
Which for he died
to the sin
he died
KJV – For in that he died, he died unto sin once.
ESV – The death he died, he died to sin once for all.
NLT – He died once to defeat sin.
once for all
Clauses
4 Classes of conditional clauses (“if…
then”)




1st class – “condition of fact”
2nd class – “contrary to fact”
3rd class – “more probable future”
4th class – “less probable future”
Clauses
1st class – “condition of fact”


Begins with eiv (“if”), verb is indicative
If something is true, and let’s assume so for
the sake of argument, then…
2nd class – “contrary to fact”


Begins with eiv (“if”), verb is indicative
If something is true, even though we know it is
not, then…
Clauses
3rd class – “more probable future”

Begins with eva,n (“if”), verb is subjunctive
If some event happens in the future, and it is likely
to happen, then…
If + an axiomatic truth (“if anyone walks in the
day”), then…
4th class – “less probable future”


Begins with eiv (“if”), verb is optative
If something happens, and it is unlikely that it
will, then…
Homework
Do the exercises at the end of chapter 12
in Greek for the Rest of Us (Green book)
Read chapter 13 in Greek for the Rest of
Us (Green book)
Lead a Bible study with your family this
week based on a passage you have
“phrased.”
Advanced Class
Class #5
Adjectives & Pronouns
Practice
o` ku,rioj tou/ ouvranou/
ei=pen auvtoi/j o` VIhsou/j
avlla. e;gnwka u`ma/j o[ti th.n avga,phn tou/ qeou/ ouvk
e;cete evn e`autoi/j
VArch. tou/ euvaggeli,ou VIhsou/ Cristou/
evpi,steusen o` a;nqrwpoj tw/| lo,gw|
Do,xan para. avnqrw,pwn ouv lamba,nw
kai. evbapti,zonto u`pV auvtou/ evn tw/| VIorda,nh
Greek Cases
Nom sg
Gen sg
Dat sg
Acc sg
Nom pl
Gen pl
Dat pl
Acc pl
2
1
Masculine
Feminine
lo,goj
grafh,
w-ra
lo,gou
grafh/j
w-raj
lo,gw|
grafh/|
w-ra|
lo,gon
grafh,n
w-ran
lo,goi
grafai,
lo,gwn
grafw/n
lo,goij
grafai/j
lo,gouj
grafa,j
2
Neuter
e;rgon
e;rgou
e;rgow|
e;rgon
e;rga
e;rgwn
e;rgoij
e;rga
The Article
2
Nom sg
Gen sg
Dat sg
Acc sg
Nom pl
Gen pl
Dat pl
Acc pl
1
Masculine Feminine
o`
h`
tou/
th/j
tw|
th|/
to,n
th,n
oi`
ai`
tw/n
tw/n
toi/j
tai/j
tou,j
ta,j
2
neuter
to,
tou/
tw|
to,
ta,
tw/n
toi/j
ta,
Noun Rules
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Stems ending in alpha or eta are in the first
declension, stems ending in omicron are in the
second, and consonantal stems are in the third
declension.
Every neuter word has the same form in the
nominative and accusative.
Almost all neuter words end in alpha in the
nominative and accusative plural.
In the dative singular, the iota subscripts if
possible.
Vowels often change their length (ablaut).
In the genitive and dative, the masculine and
neuter will always be identical.
eivmi,
eivmi is the most common verb in Greek
and it needs to be memorized.
1st sg
eivmi,
I am
2nd sg
ei=
You are
3rd sg
evsti,(n)
He/she/it is
1st pl
evsme,n
We are
2nd pl
evste,
You are
3rd pl
eivsi,n
They are
More on Adjectives
Attribute adjectives can be used in two
positions:

First attributive – art + adj + noun
o` avgaqo.j a;nqrwpoj = the good man

Second attributive – art + noun + art + adj
o` a;nqrwpoj o` avgaqo.j = the good man
If there is no noun, the adjective is probably
functioning substantively (as a noun)

o` avgaqo.j = the good man/person
More on Adjectives
If the adjective lacks the article, it is predicate


o` a;nqrwpoj avgaqo.j = the man is good
avgaqo.j o` a;nqrwpoj = the man is good
Adjective Chart
Nom sg
Gen sg
Dat sg
Acc sg
Nom pl
Gen pl
Dat pl
Acc pl
2
Masculine
avgaqo,j
avgaqou/
avgaqw|/
avgaqo,n
avgaqoi,
avgaqw/n
avgaqoi/j
avgaqou,j
First & Second Person Personal
Pronouns
First Person
Nom sg
Gen sg
Dat sg
Acc sg
Nom pl
Gen pl
Dat pl
Acc pl
evgw,
mou evmou/
moi evmoi,
me evme,
h`mei/j
h`mw/n
h`mi/n
h`ma/j
I
My
To me
Me
We
Our
To us
Us
First & Second Person Personal
Pronouns
Second Person
Nom sg
Gen sg
Dat sg
Acc sg
Nom pl
Gen pl
Dat pl
Acc pl
su,
sou sou/
soi soi,
se se,
u`mei/j
u`mw/n
u`mi/n
u`ma/j
You
Your
To you
You
You
Your
To you
you
auvto,j
auvto,j is the 3rd person personal pronoun
It is similar to the 1st and 2nd person
personal pronouns, except that it has
gender
It has three purposes:



As a personal pronoun (he, she, it, they)
As an adjectival intensive
As an identical adjective (“same”)
Adjectival Intensive
It normal modifies another word, and is
usually in the predicate position


auvto.j o` avpostoloj = the apostle himself
auvto.j to. dw/ron = the gift itself
Used this way, the pronoun is usually in the
nominative case and modifies the subject:


auvto.j Daui.d ei=pen evn tw/| pneu,mati tw/| a`gi,w|(
Ihsou/j auvto.j ouvk evba,ptizen avllV oi` maqhtai. auvtou/
Identical Adjective
Used this way, the pronoun is translated as
“same,” and is often in the attributive
position.


kai. pa,lin avpelqw.n proshu,xato to.n auvto.n lo,gon eivpw,n
VEn auvth/| th/| w[ra| prosh/lqa,n tinej Farisai/oi
Chart
The pronoun auvto,j follows the same case
endings as adjectives and the nouns we
have learned thus far (2-1-2)
Homework
Read chapters 10, 13, & 14 in Basics of
Biblical Greek (blue book)
Learn the vocabulary words in chapters 9,
11 & 12 in Basics of Biblical Greek (blue
book)
Do the workbook exercises for chapters 9,
11, & 12