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Evgw, eivmi to; A[lfa Beginning Greek for Bible Study Class #5 Conjunctions and Other Grammatical Friends kai; to; w= Exegetical Example 1 Peter 1:3 - Blessed be the God and Father of our Lord Jesus Christ, who according to His great mercy chas caused us to be born again to a living hope through the resurrection of Jesus Christ from the dead, 4 to obtain an inheritance which is imperishable and undefiled and will not fade away, reserved in heaven for you, 5 who are protected by the power of God through faith for a salvation ready to be revealed in the last time. Exegetical Example tou.j evn duna,mei qeou/ frouroume,nouj dia. pi,stewj eivj swthri,an e`toi,mhn avpokalufqh/nai evn kairw/| evsca,tw|Å Alpha Beta Gamma Delta Epsilon Zeta Eta Theta Iota Kappa Lambda Mu a b g d e z h q i k l m a b g d e z e th i k l m Father Bible gone dog met daze obey thing intrigue kitchen law mother Nu Xi Omicron Pi Rho Sigma Tau Upsilon Phi Chi Psi Omega n x o p r s-V t u f c y w n x o p r s t u ph ch ps o new axiom not peach rod study talk oops phone loch lips tone Conjunctions Conjunctions are words that link thoughts together. Conjunctions are significant in Bible study because they show the relationship between clauses. There are two basic types of conjunctions: Coordinating Subordinating Coordinating Conjunctions A coordinating conjunction connect grammatically equal units. kai, - “and,” “also,” “even,” “but” de, - “and,” “now,” “then,” “but” ga,r – “for” avlla, - “but” ou=n – “therefore” h; – “or” Subordinate Conjunctions Subordinate conjunctions introduce dependent clauses o[ti – “because,” “that” i[na – “so that,” “in order that,” “that” eiv – “if” eva,n – “if” o[te – “when” Correlative Conjunctions Correlative conjunctions are pairs of conjunctions that function together: me,n … de, – on the one hand … but on the other kai, … kai, - both … and h; … h; - either … or mh,te … mh,te – neither … nor ou;te … ou;te – neither … nor ou,k … avlla, - not … but te … kai, - both … and Interlinears and Homework English Greek New Testament (EGNT) and Interlinear for the Rest of Us (IRU) are the same book. It is an interlinear New Testament, which gives the NIV English text, the Greek text, parsing information, and Strong’s codes. Advantages of IRU By keeping the English word order, the text is more user friendly. The parsing information is very helpful. A Greek-English Dictionary is included Disadvantages of IRU The book is expensive ($49.99 retail, $32 online) The Greek text that is used in IRU is a non-standard Greek text. There are other options which may be better solutions. Other options The New Greek English Interlinear New Testament by Brown & Comfort (Tyndale, 1993) - $24.99 retail, $16.50 online. Or online: www. blueletterbible.org www.searchgodsword.org Adjectives An adjective is a word that modifies a noun or pronoun. Adjectives can function in two ways: Attributive – John is a good man. Substantive – The poor and the rich have a common bond, the LORD is the maker of them all (Prov. 22:2). Adjectives can be in the predicate: John is bad. Adjectives Other phrases can function to modify nouns (prepositional phrase, participial phrase). A phrase can also function as a substantive (noun). Greek Adjectives Unlike English, Greek adjectives are not always right in front of the noun they modify. The word order can be: Article + adjective + noun avpo. th/j prw,thj h`me,raj a;cri tou/ nu/n From the first day Article + noun + article + adjective to. pneu/ma to. a[gion the spirit the holy = the holy spirit This is how Greek handles attributive adjectives Greek Adjectives Greek adjectives can also function as substantives (think, “nouns”). VIwsh.f de. o` avnh.r auvth/j( di,kaioj w'n Joseph but the husband of her righteous being But Joseph, her husband, being a righteous man Another important example is Matt. 6:13 avlla. r`u/sai h`ma/j avpo. tou/ ponhrou/ But But deliver us deliever us from from the evil evil one. Greek Adjectives An adjective must agree with the word it modifies in case, number, and gender. The Greek Article Greek only has a definite article. It does not have an indefinite article like English. The function of the article is not simply to make definite something that would otherwise be indefinite. The Greek Article Definite article - oi` maqhtai. Grammatical marker - meta. tw/n avgge,lwn tw/n a`gi,wn With proper nouns (names) - o` VIhsou/j To make a participle or adjective into a noun le,gei tw/| avnqrw,pw| tw/| th.n xhra.n cei/ra e;conti To function as a personal, possessive, or relative pronoun - Oi` a;ndrej( avgapa/te ta.j gunai/kaj Often not used when English requires it - VEn avrch/| h=n o` lo,goj Cases English Greek Subjective Nominative Usage subject Possessive Genitive possession - Dative indirect object Objective Accusative direct object Prepositions In Greek, the preposition governs the case of the object Some prepositions always take the same case of the object: evn – dative = “in” evk – genitive = “out of” eivj – accusative = “into” However, some prepositions take objects in different cases. The case determines the meaning of the preposition: dia, - with the genitive = “through” dia, - with the accusative = “on account of” Participle phrases A participle is a verb ending in “ing.” A participle phrase is a participle that takes an object and often modifiers as well. (“seeing the black cat”) Participle phrases Sometimes translators will change a participial phrase (dependent) to an independent clause or phrase. They do this for two reasons: Greek often has very long sentences which need to be broken up when translating into English. Eph. 1:3-14 is one sentence in Greek! In order to break the section up into manageable sections, some participles are turned into regular verbs (vs. 5 – “predestining” => “predestined”) This is sometimes necessary in English, but unhelpful in terms of seeing the author’s flow of thought. Participle phrases Sometimes translators will change a participial phrase (dependent) to an independent clause or phrase. They do this for two reasons: Greek likes using a participle followed by a regular verb. “Herod called the Magi secretly and found out from them…” (Matt. 2:7) “Therefore go and make disciples of all nations, baptizing them… and teaching them…” (Matt. 28:1920) Clauses Relative clause – a relative pronoun is a noun substitute (“who(m), whose, that, which what(ever)). Sometimes a pronoun needs to be added to make the relative clause makes sense in English: “Who will be first will be last” => “He who will be first will be last” Clauses Pronouns and antecedents – an antecedent is the noun a pronoun refers to. Sometimes, the translation from Greek to English makes the antecedent unclear. o] ga.r avpe,qanen( th/| a`marti,a| avpe,qanen evfa,pax Which for he died to the sin he died KJV – For in that he died, he died unto sin once. ESV – The death he died, he died to sin once for all. NLT – He died once to defeat sin. once for all Clauses 4 Classes of conditional clauses (“if… then”) 1st class – “condition of fact” 2nd class – “contrary to fact” 3rd class – “more probable future” 4th class – “less probable future” Clauses 1st class – “condition of fact” Begins with eiv (“if”), verb is indicative If something is true, and let’s assume so for the sake of argument, then… 2nd class – “contrary to fact” Begins with eiv (“if”), verb is indicative If something is true, even though we know it is not, then… Clauses 3rd class – “more probable future” Begins with eva,n (“if”), verb is subjunctive If some event happens in the future, and it is likely to happen, then… If + an axiomatic truth (“if anyone walks in the day”), then… 4th class – “less probable future” Begins with eiv (“if”), verb is optative If something happens, and it is unlikely that it will, then… Homework Do the exercises at the end of chapter 12 in Greek for the Rest of Us (Green book) Read chapter 13 in Greek for the Rest of Us (Green book) Lead a Bible study with your family this week based on a passage you have “phrased.” Advanced Class Class #5 Adjectives & Pronouns Practice o` ku,rioj tou/ ouvranou/ ei=pen auvtoi/j o` VIhsou/j avlla. e;gnwka u`ma/j o[ti th.n avga,phn tou/ qeou/ ouvk e;cete evn e`autoi/j VArch. tou/ euvaggeli,ou VIhsou/ Cristou/ evpi,steusen o` a;nqrwpoj tw/| lo,gw| Do,xan para. avnqrw,pwn ouv lamba,nw kai. evbapti,zonto u`pV auvtou/ evn tw/| VIorda,nh Greek Cases Nom sg Gen sg Dat sg Acc sg Nom pl Gen pl Dat pl Acc pl 2 1 Masculine Feminine lo,goj grafh, w-ra lo,gou grafh/j w-raj lo,gw| grafh/| w-ra| lo,gon grafh,n w-ran lo,goi grafai, lo,gwn grafw/n lo,goij grafai/j lo,gouj grafa,j 2 Neuter e;rgon e;rgou e;rgow| e;rgon e;rga e;rgwn e;rgoij e;rga The Article 2 Nom sg Gen sg Dat sg Acc sg Nom pl Gen pl Dat pl Acc pl 1 Masculine Feminine o` h` tou/ th/j tw| th|/ to,n th,n oi` ai` tw/n tw/n toi/j tai/j tou,j ta,j 2 neuter to, tou/ tw| to, ta, tw/n toi/j ta, Noun Rules 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Stems ending in alpha or eta are in the first declension, stems ending in omicron are in the second, and consonantal stems are in the third declension. Every neuter word has the same form in the nominative and accusative. Almost all neuter words end in alpha in the nominative and accusative plural. In the dative singular, the iota subscripts if possible. Vowels often change their length (ablaut). In the genitive and dative, the masculine and neuter will always be identical. eivmi, eivmi is the most common verb in Greek and it needs to be memorized. 1st sg eivmi, I am 2nd sg ei= You are 3rd sg evsti,(n) He/she/it is 1st pl evsme,n We are 2nd pl evste, You are 3rd pl eivsi,n They are More on Adjectives Attribute adjectives can be used in two positions: First attributive – art + adj + noun o` avgaqo.j a;nqrwpoj = the good man Second attributive – art + noun + art + adj o` a;nqrwpoj o` avgaqo.j = the good man If there is no noun, the adjective is probably functioning substantively (as a noun) o` avgaqo.j = the good man/person More on Adjectives If the adjective lacks the article, it is predicate o` a;nqrwpoj avgaqo.j = the man is good avgaqo.j o` a;nqrwpoj = the man is good Adjective Chart Nom sg Gen sg Dat sg Acc sg Nom pl Gen pl Dat pl Acc pl 2 Masculine avgaqo,j avgaqou/ avgaqw|/ avgaqo,n avgaqoi, avgaqw/n avgaqoi/j avgaqou,j First & Second Person Personal Pronouns First Person Nom sg Gen sg Dat sg Acc sg Nom pl Gen pl Dat pl Acc pl evgw, mou evmou/ moi evmoi, me evme, h`mei/j h`mw/n h`mi/n h`ma/j I My To me Me We Our To us Us First & Second Person Personal Pronouns Second Person Nom sg Gen sg Dat sg Acc sg Nom pl Gen pl Dat pl Acc pl su, sou sou/ soi soi, se se, u`mei/j u`mw/n u`mi/n u`ma/j You Your To you You You Your To you you auvto,j auvto,j is the 3rd person personal pronoun It is similar to the 1st and 2nd person personal pronouns, except that it has gender It has three purposes: As a personal pronoun (he, she, it, they) As an adjectival intensive As an identical adjective (“same”) Adjectival Intensive It normal modifies another word, and is usually in the predicate position auvto.j o` avpostoloj = the apostle himself auvto.j to. dw/ron = the gift itself Used this way, the pronoun is usually in the nominative case and modifies the subject: auvto.j Daui.d ei=pen evn tw/| pneu,mati tw/| a`gi,w|( Ihsou/j auvto.j ouvk evba,ptizen avllV oi` maqhtai. auvtou/ Identical Adjective Used this way, the pronoun is translated as “same,” and is often in the attributive position. kai. pa,lin avpelqw.n proshu,xato to.n auvto.n lo,gon eivpw,n VEn auvth/| th/| w[ra| prosh/lqa,n tinej Farisai/oi Chart The pronoun auvto,j follows the same case endings as adjectives and the nouns we have learned thus far (2-1-2) Homework Read chapters 10, 13, & 14 in Basics of Biblical Greek (blue book) Learn the vocabulary words in chapters 9, 11 & 12 in Basics of Biblical Greek (blue book) Do the workbook exercises for chapters 9, 11, & 12