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Part IV-Early Empire
A. Gaius Iulius Caesar Octavianus-Lived 63BC-14AD; ruled 31/27BC-14AD
creator of the Roman Empire
i.
Advantages:
a. Really smart
b. Best friend: Marcus Agrippa, an excellent soldier
ii.
After the battle of Actium-31BC, he was in control. In 27BC, he made a show of resigning his power. The
Senate made a show of begging him to accept even greater power. He hid his power behind the trappings of
the Republic
iii.
Titles:
a. A___________ “revered”, title given by the Senate;
b. I____________-military commander
c. P____________: 1st citizen. This is the title he preferred and used
iv.
Did not flaunt his power; lived and dressed simply. Wife: Livia. Stood up for traditional family values. His
daughter Julia married: cousin Marcellus, then Marcus Agrippa, then Tiberius. Exiled for numerous
adulteries.
v.
Accomplishments:
a. Organized Rome in 14 districts with police and ________ protection
b. Totally organized the structure of the Empire.
c. Built roads, bridges, aqueducts, buildings, etc
d. Expanded the empire
e. Brought peace, the “P_______________ R______________”
vi.
Teutoburg forest
a. Agrippa had conquered land to the Rhine River. Agrippa died in 12BC. Then Tiberius conquered land
to the Elbe River in 4 AD
b. 3 Roman legions under Quinctilius V__________ were ambushed and massacred when Varus’s
lieutenant, A_____________, a German turned Roman officer, double crossed the Romans and led
them into a trap.
vii.
Died 14AD at age 75. There was no rule of succession, but Augustus had adopted his step-son Tiberius, and
clearly planned for him to succeed him.
B. Tiberius Claudius Nero—Tiberius Julius Caesar.
i. Son of Augustus’s wife Livia. Adopted by Augustus. Name changed
ii. Forced to divorce his wife and marry Augustus’s daughter _____
iii. Excellent general. Expanded the empire during the life of Augustus.
iv. Became depressed. Retreated to Rhodes. Recalled to Rome.
v. As Princeps, he was a good administrator. Then he became depressed again and retreated to the island
of C_______________, and left much of the work to the head of the Praetorian Guard, S____________,
who began a reign of terror. Eventually Tiberius found out and had s_______________ executed.
vi. He was called the saddest of men: ________________ __________
C. Caius Caesar Augustus Germanicus: Caligula
i. Adopted by Tiberius
ii. At first he was popular. Then it became clear that he was insane.
iii. Murdered by the P_______________ G____________
D. Tiberius Claudius Nero 41AD-54AD
i. Physical problems: limped and drooled, but he was an intelligent scholar
ii. Fairly good emperor: built aqueducts, ets. Conquered B_____________
iii. Adopted his wife’s son N______. It is thought that his wife then poisoned him.
E. Nero Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus. (54AD-68AD)
i. Son of Claudius’s wife Agrippina. Married Claudius’s daughter Octavia. Killed both
ii. Married Poppaea, eventually killed her.
iii. Killed many senators.
iv. Though he was a great musician
v. He blamed the great f________ of Rome on Christians and began persecuting them.
vi. He built his enormous Golden House-D__________ A___________ in the middle of Rome.
vii. 68AD, military commanders revolted and Nero committed suicide.
F. The “Army Emperors” (68AD-69AD): G___________, O__________ V____________
PART IV-EARLY EMPIRE-CONTINUED
G. Titus Flavius Vespasianus (lived 9AD-79AD; ruled 69AD-79AD)
i. Proclaimed emperor by his legions while he was in E________.
ii. He and his two sons, Titus and Domitians, are the F________ dynasty.
iii. T____________ was his right hand man and virtual co-ruler.
iv. Vespasian played a key role in the invasion and conquest of B_______________
v. Wanted to present himself as a normal guy after the craziness of N___________
vi. Stabilized the finances & known for being both witty and stingy. Famous for putting a tax on public
t______________. “Pecunia non olet!”
vii. Tore down Nero’s Golden House and built the Colosseum, the F_____________
A____________________, dedicated by Titus.
viii. Dying words: “V______, p_________ d___________ f___________”
ix. For many years his wife in all but name was Antonia C_________
H. Titus Flavius Caesar Vespasianus Augustus. lived: 39AD-81AD; ruled 79AD-81AD)
i. Only ruled 3 years. Got a fever & died.
a. Co-ruler during the time of Vespasian
b. Was popular with the Roman people
c. Dedicated and opened the F_____________ A_____________
d. Was emperor when Mount V_______________ erupted.
I. Titus Flavius Caesar Domitianus Augustus lived 51AD-96AD; ruled 81AD-96AD
i. Vespasian and Titus gave him a lot of honors, but no responsibility. Though he was unfit.
ii. Did some good things:
a. Skillfully handled financial matters
b. Built or restored many buildings
c. Was involved in military campaigns in B___________ and D______________
iii. Did some bad things
a. Flaunted his divine right to rule
b. Forbad m_____________
c. Became a religious zealot. Executed the head Vestal Virgin and persecuted Ch_________ &
J_______________
d. Started accusing and executing a lot of people for tr________________
iv. Was a___________________ and succeeded by N_____________
THE 5 GOOD EMPERORS
J.
Marcus Cocceius Nerva Caesar Augustus: lived 30AD-96AD; ruled 96AD-98AD
i. An older man, and a safe choice.
ii. He ended the tr________ trials. Helped the poor, lowered taxes
iii. He adopted T______________ as his heir
K. Marcus Ulpius Traianus; lived 52AD-117AD, ruled 98AD-117AD
i. From S________
ii. Was extremely popular with both people and S___________
iii. Excellent general. He conquered D________ and brought the empire to its largest extent
iv. Built roads & bridges, including a bridge across the R_________ River
v. Helped the poor, especially children
vi. Trajan’s column honors him
vii. May have adopted Hadrian.
L. Publius Aelius Hadrianus
i. Believed that the empire was big enough. Halted expansion. Abandoned M_______
ii. Built H________ W________ along the border or Roman Britannia and fortifications on the R_______
and D____________ rivers.
iii. His policy was primarily one of p_________
iv. Loved G__________ culture. Rebuilt the P___________
v. Traveled throughout the empire. Goal to “Romanize” the empire.
M. Titus Fulvus Aelius Hadrianus Antoninus Augustus Pius lived 86AD-161AD, ruled 138AD-161AD
i. Participated in no military campaigns himself
ii. Most peace period of the Roman Empire.
iii. Did authorize the invasion of Scotland and pushed back that border temporarily. Buitt the A_________
wall
iv. Skilled administrator. Cared about good drinking water. Improved laws regarding slavery
N. Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Augustus: lived 121AD-180AD; ruled 161AD-180AD
i. Adopted the philosophy of S______________ and wrote the “M_____________”
ii. Bad things happened during his rule, but they weren’t his fault.
a. Numerous wars and invasions
b. A widespread e______________, probably smallpox or measles that killed millions
c. Unwisely chose his own son C____________ as his heir.
NOMEN______________________________________________
Practice the 4th declension: Most are masculine. A few are fem.(ex domus, manus) a few are neuter neuter (ex. Cornū)
Singular
M&F
N
Plural
M&F
N
Nom
Gen
Dat
Acc
Abl
Take senātus, senātūs (m) Write 10 sentences, using it in the Nom, Gen, Dat, Acc, Abl
Singular
Nom. _________________________________________________________________________________
Gen__________________________________________________________________________________
Dat__________________________________________________________________________________
Acc___________________________________________________________________________________
Abl____________________________________________________________________________________
Plural
Nom. _________________________________________________________________________________
Gen__________________________________________________________________________________
Dat__________________________________________________________________________________
Acc___________________________________________________________________________________
Abl____________________________________________________________________________________
NOMEN______________________________________________
Practice the 5th declension. All 5th declension nouns are feminine, except dies can be feminine or masculine
Singular
M&F
Nom
Gen
Dat
Acc
Abl
Take rēs, reī Write 10 sentences, using it in the Nom, Gen, Dat, Acc, Abl
Singular
Nom. _________________________________________________________________________________
Gen__________________________________________________________________________________
Dat__________________________________________________________________________________
Acc___________________________________________________________________________________
Abl____________________________________________________________________________________
Plural
Nom. _________________________________________________________________________________
Gen__________________________________________________________________________________
Dat__________________________________________________________________________________
Acc___________________________________________________________________________________
Abl____________________________________________________________________________________