Download Subordinate Clause

Common Usage Errors
Many spelling errors are due to
lack of knowledge.
Which word do I use?
Accept: (verb) to take what is offered
Except: (prep.) leaving out/other than
She accepted responsibility for her actions.
Everyone except him finished the homework.
1.
2.
Advice: (noun) an opinion
Advise: (verb) to give an opinion
My friend gave me advice about hotels in Florida.
My friend advised me to find a good guide.
Affect: (verb) to influence
Effect: (noun) a result
Your participation affects your grade.
What is the effect of not participating in class?
3.
4. Do not use at after where…it is redundant.
INCORRECT: Do you know where we are at?
CORRECT: Do you know where we are?
5. Do not use because after the reason..it is redundant.
Eliminate one word or the other.
INCORRECT: The reason I am sad is because our trip was
canceled.
CORRECT: I am sad because our trip was canceled. OR
The reason I’m sad is that our trip was canceled.
Practice pg. 479 ex. 37
6.
Beside: at the side of/close to
Besides: in addition to
**Both prepositions but cannot be interchanged!**
We sat beside the band.
No one besides us could hear them.
7.
Different from is preferred over different than.
The pyramids were different from what I expected.
8.
Farther: refers to distance
Further: means additional or to a greater extent or
degree
We walked much farther than them.
After he raised his voice, I listened no further.
9. In: refers to position
Into: suggests motion
The students are in the gym.
They walked into the gym quite loudly.
10. Do not use kind of or sort of to mean “rather” or
“somewhat”
INCORRECT: The sweatshirt I have on is kind of new.
CORRECT: The sweatshirt I have on is rather new.
11. Like: (preposition) means similar to/in the same way as should be followed by an object. Do NOT use it before a subject
or verb. Use as or that instead.
PREP: The pyramids looked like giant triangles.
INCORRECT: This soup doesn’t taste like it should.
CORRECT: This soup doesn’t taste as it should.
12. That/which: refers to things
Who: refers only to people
The photograph that I took won first prize.
The dancer who performed is my cousin.
13. Their: possessive adjective-always modifies a noun
There: adverb telling where / pronoun to start a sentence
They’re: contraction for “they are”
14. To + noun: prep. Phrase / To + verb: infinitive
Too: (adverb) modifies adjectives and other adverbs
Two: number
15. Do not use when, where, or why directly after a linking verb
such as is. Reword the sentence.
INCORRECT: To see the monkeys is why we came to the zoo.
CORRECT: We came to the zoo to see the monkeys.
Practice: pg. 481 - ex. 38
Correcting Sentence Fragments
A fragment is a group of words that does NOT express a
complete thought. A complete thought must have a
subject (who/what sentence is about) and a predicate
(what the subject is/is doing).
To correct fragments, add whatever is missing.
1. Felt happy and relaxed. - Add a subject
Johnny felt happy and relaxed.
2. The dog that lives next door. - Add a verb
The dog that lives next door barks all night long.
3. In the early evening. - Add a subject and a verb
The flight arrived in the early morning.
4. The train coming around the bend. - Add a verb
The train was coming around the bend.
5. When she smiled. - Add a simple sentence to make this a
complex sentence
When she smiled, the whole world seemed to light up.
A phrase fragment can also be corrected by adding it to a
nearby sentence.
The travelers rode camels. On the morning of March 4.
The travelers rode camels on the morning of March 4.
Practice pg. 472-473
Correcting Run-ons
A run-on is two or more complete sentences that are not properly
joined or separated.
Learn to check your sentences carefully to see where one sentence
ends and the next one begins!
Two Kinds of run-ons:
1. Two sentences run together without any punctuation.
I use our library often the reference section is my favorite part.
2. Two or more sentences are separated by only a comma.
The library contains a wealth of information about Egypt, it is
located on the second floor.
Three Way to Correct Run-ons:
1. Use end marks (punctuation) to make the run-on into separate
sentences and begin the next sentence with a capital letter.
2. Use commas and coordinating conjunctions to make a
compound sentence. (only if the ideas are related)
3. Use a semicolon to connect two closely related ideas into a
compound sentence
Examples:
1. The ancient Egyptians left remarkable monuments to their
civilization, their huge temples and pyramid tombs still stand
along the Nile today.
2. I want to go shopping, I don’t have any money.
Practice pg. 475
Compound Subjects/Verbs
Compound Subject: two or more subjects that have the same
verb and are joined by a conjunction like as and/or or
Cats, dogs, and other pets can learn to live together.
I will either buy a fish, hamster, or a bird.
Compound Verb: two or more verbs that have the same subject
and are joined by a conjunction.
I have to feed the cat and walk the dog. (Do not use a comma with
a conjunction to combine verbs!)
**Some sentences will have BOTH a compound subject and a
compound verb.
The house and the garden face the lake and are protected by
hedges.
Examples:
1. I have to read my book and study for my math test tonight.
2. Both the Vikings and the Patriots made it to the State
tournament.
3. My brother and I cleaned the house and raked the yard for
our parents this weekend.
Practice pg. 401,402, 403
Special Problems with Subjects
In some sentences the subject does NOT come before the verb!
1. In sentences that give orders or directions,
subject = understood “you”
*Look out the window at the bird!
*(You) Look out the window at the bird!
2. In questions the subject often follows the verb.
Change the question into a statement.
*How is the weather today?
*The weather is how today.
*Did she do her homework?
*She did do her homework.
3. There or here is never the subject of a sentence.
Reorder/reword the sentence.
*There are two students talking in the hallway.
*Two students are talking in the hallway.
*Here is the report that you asked for.
*The report that you asked for is here.
Practice examples:
1. Did Bob close his locker when he left?
2. Here is a picture of my dog Jax.
3. Take out the trash on your way out.
Practice pgs. 406, 407, 408
Sentence Structures
Simple Sentence: a single independent clause.
The Vikings won the game.
Compound Sentence: two or more independent clauses. They
are joined by a comma, coordinating conjunctions, or a
semicolon (;).
The Vikings won the game, and the fans rushed the court to
celebrate.
Complex Sentence: independent clause + subordinate clause
Because the test is so important, all the students must study.
Students, who received exceptional grades, will receive an
award.
We are going to the park after we finish our project.
Clauses
Independent Clause: has a subject and verb and CAN stand by
itself as a complete sentence.
The dog barked.
Subordinate Clause: (dependent clause) has a subject and verb
but CANNOT stand by itself as a complete sentence. It leaves
you hanging…
After the doorbell rang…
Independent clause = complete sentence
Subordinate clause = fragment
Practice: pg. 438 ex. 19
Two types of Subordinate Clauses
1. Adjective clause: modifies a noun or pronoun
*Most start with that, which, who, whom, whose or
sometimes start with since, where, when
Examples:
The student whom I asked for help turned pages of
music for me.
By pushing the pedal that is connected to the drum,
you will make sound.
Practice: pg. 440 ex. 20
Subordinate Clauses continued:
2. Adverb clause: modifies a verb, adjective, or adverb
Start with a subordinate conjunction - copy chart on pg. 441
Examples:
I expect you to call whenever you are late.
While you read your book, practice your reading strategies
Practice pg. 421 ex. 21
Sentence Structures
Simple Sentence: a single independent clause.
The Vikings won the game.
Compound Sentence: two or more independent clauses. They are
joined by a comma, coordinating conjunctions, or a semicolon
(;).
The Vikings won the game, and the fans rushed the court to
celebrate.
Complex Sentence: independent clause + subordinate clause
Because the test is so important, all the students must study.
Students, who received exceptional grades, will receive an award.
We are going to the park after we finish our project.
Practice pg. 446 ex. 25, 26 & write your own complex sentences.
Clauses
Independent Clause: has a subject and verb and
CAN stand by itself as a complete sentence.
The dog barked.
Subordinate Clause: (dependent clause) has a
subject and verb but CANNOT stand by itself as
a complete sentence. It leaves you hanging…
After the doorbell rang…
Independent clause = complete sentence
Subordinate clause = fragment
Two Types of Subordinate Clauses:
1. Adjective clause: modifies a noun or pronoun
*Most start with that, which, who, whom, whose or
sometimes start with since, where, when
Examples:
The student whom I asked for help turned pages of
music for me.
By pushing the pedal that is connected to the drum,
you will make sound.
Subordinate Clauses continued:
2. Adverb clause: modifies a verb, adjective, or adverb
Start with a subordinate conjunction - copy chart on pg. 441
Common Subordinating Conjuntions
After
although as as if
as long as
Because before
if
since even though
Than
so that
though unless in order that
Until
when
where wnenever
Wherever while
Examples:
I expect you to call whenever you are late.
While you read your book, practice your reading strategies
Sentence Structure
Simple Sentence: a single independent clause.
The Vikings won the game.
Compound Sentence: two or more independent clauses. They are
joined by a comma, coordinating conjunctions, or a semicolon (;).
The Vikings won the game, and the fans rushed the court to
celebrate.
Complex Sentence: independent clause + subordinate clause
Because the test is so important, all the students must study.
Students, who received exceptional grades, will receive an award.
We are going to the park after we finish our project
Appositive Phrases
An appositive is a noun or pronoun placed after
another noun or pronoun to identify, rename, or
explain the previous word.
Examples:
1. The painter Pablo Picasso lived in Spain.
2. I want to visit my favorite museum, The Shedd
Aquarium.
3. The shopping center, a group of various stores, is
located near the highway.
*Notice that appositives can be located in different
places in the sentence. They can also be a single
word or an entire phrase.
Appositives continued…
Practice:
1.A typhoon, a powerful Pacific Ocean hurricane,
struck the ship.
2.The typhoon actually saved the Japanese from
their enemies, the Chinese.
3.The Japanese gave the storm a special name,
kamikaze, which means “divine wind”.
Infinitive Phrases
An
infinitive is a verb form that can be used as a noun, an
adjective, or an adverb. They can be combined with other words
to form phrases. The word “to” usually appears before the
infinitive. **It is NOT the actual verb.**
An
infinitive phrase is an infinitive with modifiers or a
compliment, all acting together as a single part of speech. They
are used to give more description to the sentence.
Example:

It is important to listen carefully.
I want to hear the news.
They want to give you a present.
It is important to listen.
He is the one to ask.
Infinitive Phrase examples:

As a subject: To listen carefully is important.

As an object: She wanted to listen carefully.

As an adjective: You can rely on me to listen carefully.

As an adverb: They waited to listen carefully to her.

As an appositive (adding more information to the subject):
His suggestion, to listen carefully, was appreciated.
Infinitives continued…
Practice:
1. We wanted to get home as soon as possible.
2. To drive up the hill was impossible.
3. The snow seemed to pile up quicker than we
could shovel it.