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Transcript
Name: ______________________________________________ Nuclear Energy Environmental Science G1 Atoms and Radioactivity: Atoms – all common matter is made up of ______________ Three parts to an atom: _________________, _____________________, and _____________________ • _______________ and _________________ occur together in the ________________ of the atom • Middle is called the ____________________ • Nearly all the _____________ of an atom is in the nucleus • Nucleus is orbited by the __________________ of the atom • Atoms that are electrically _______________ contain the ________ number of protons and electrons Atoms: The basic ______________________ of an atom are determined by the number of ________________ in its nucleus • All atoms of the same _______________ have the __________ number of protons in their nuclei • The number of protons in an atom is called the ___________ ________________ of the element • Oxygen has 8 protons: atomic number is ______ • Uranium has 92 protons: atomic number is ________ The atoms of most elements have ___________________ as well as protons and electrons • The number of protons _____________ the number of neutrons in an atom is referred to as the ____________ number • Electrons are _________ counted in determining mass • Because electrons have so ______________ mass as compared to protons and neutrons Periodic Table: See Attached Table Examples Atomic ________________: number of ______________ A. _____________ of the element Atomic __________: number of protons ________ neutrons How many protons does carbon have? ____ How many neutrons does carbon have? _____ B. Which element has 30 protons? __________ How many neutrons does it have? _______ C. Which element has 47 protons? _________ How many neutrons does it have? ______ Isotopes: Atoms of the same element that have __________________ numbers of _______________ • Individual atoms of the same ______________ may have different __________ numbers • Because the number of _______________ in the nucleus can __________ • Always have the same number of _______________ • Example: ________ oxygen atoms have 8 protons • ___________ oxygen atoms have ___ neutrons • However, some oxygen atoms may have ____ or ______ neutrons • These oxygen atoms are _________________ • They have the same atomic _________________ • They have different atomic ___________________ Atomic Number: Atomic Mass: Atomic Number: Atomic Mass: Nuclear Energy G1 Radioactivity: Some isotopes of atoms are _______________ Unstable atoms _____________, emitting particles and ______________ from their nuclei • Atoms that decay in this way are called ___________________ atoms • In most cases, only ______________ isotopes of an element are radioactive • Example: Common isotopes of ___________________ • H-1 __________ radioactive, H-2 __________ radioactive, H-3 __________ radioactive • After a ______________ of decay changes, a radioactive element becomes _____________ and stops decaying Radiation: the __________________ or ________________ given off as an atom decays There are _________ kinds of ________________ given off by the nuclei of radioactive atoms • Alpha Particles (α) – made up of two ________________ and two ________________ • • • • Beta Particles (β) – release of a high speed ________________ • Beta decay converts a ________________________________________________ When atoms emit alpha or beta particles, it _____________ the number of ________________ which changes the atomic _________________ It also changes the atomic ____________ of the atoms Since the atomic _______________ of an atom determines the _______________ of the element, the decay process changes one element into ________________ ________________ The third type of radiation is when ____________ in the form of ____________________ is given off • Gamma rays are a form of ______________________________ radiation Half-Life: The amount of time it takes for __________ of the atoms in a sample of a radioactive element to decay is called the isotope's ___________________ • Half-lives for various radioactive elements range from a few _______________ to ____________ of years • Two radioactive isotopes of ____________________ are U-238 (over 99 percent of all uranium found in nature) and U-235 • Both ultimately decay into ____________ forms of ____________ • But the _____________ takes a ____________ time • U-238 half-life is about 4.5 _______________ years • U-235 half-life is about 700 _________________ years Section Review 1. What is the difference between two isotopes of an element? Nuclear Energy G1 2. Name the three kinds of radiation emitted by radioactive elements 3. Which elements have the following atomic numbers? a. Atomic Number of 80? ______________________________ b. Atomic Number of 11? ______________________________ c. Atomic Number of 60? ______________________________ 4. Which elements have the following atomic masses? a. Atomic Mass of approximately 181? ______________________________ b. Atomic Mass of approximately 24? ______________________________ c. Atomic Mass of approximately 118? ______________________________ 5. Which element has 82 protons? ___________________________ How many neutrons does it have? _________________________ 6. Which element has 19 protons? ___________________________ How many neutrons does it have? _________________________ 7. Which element has 79 protons? ___________________________ How many neutrons does it have? _________________________ 8. Which element has 26 protons? ___________________________ How many neutrons does it have? _________________________ 9. Which element has 94 protons? ___________________________ How many neutrons does it have? _________________________ 10. Which element has 88 protons? ___________________________ How many neutrons does it have? _________________________ 11. Protons and neutrons are found together in the part of the atom called the a. alpha particle b. electron c. nucleus d. isotope 12. Two atoms of the same element with different mass numbers are called a. isotopes b. nuclei c. electrons d. neutrons 13. When atoms are split, from which part of the atom is the energy released? a. electrons b. isotopes c. nucleus d. the radioactive part 14. Which of the following is not a concern about nuclear energy? a. waste disposal b. safety c. cost d. inadequate power output 15. The nucleus of an atom consists of protons and a. neutrons b. electrons c. helium d. isotopes Nuclear Energy 16. The number of protons in its nucleus determines an atom’s a. element b. mass c. charge G1 d. properties 17. The atomic mass of oxygen is 16. How many neutrons does oxygen have in its nucleus? a. l6 b. 4 c. 8 d. 32 18. A uranium atom can have an atomic mass of 235 or 238. Each atom is, therefore, a. a different isotope c. a different element b. negatively charged d. stable 19. Atoms that emit particles and energy from their nuclei are called a. contaminated b. stable c. heavy d. radioactive. 20. The electromagnetic radiation that is emitted from radioactive elements is released in the form of a. beta particles c. alpha particles. b. gamma rays d. neutrons 21. The half-life of carbon-l4 is 5,730 years. If 1,000 atoms of C-14 were set out in 1995, in what year would there be 500 atoms left? a. 2996 b. 5730 c. 6730 d. 7725 22. Uranium isotopes decay into a stable form of a. gamma rays b. . carbon-14 c. lead d. uranium-235.
