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• Pharmacotherapy : The main effects of drugs
on different diseases
• Pharmacodynamic : The effects of drugs on
living system
• Pharmacokinetic : The fate of drugs in living
system
• Pharmacognosy : Natural sources of drugs
• Pharmacogenetic : Different responses to
drugs because of genetic variations
Pharmacokinetic
ADME:Absorption,Distribution,Metabolism,
Excretion
ADME will be changed by Pregnancy
Therapeutic index = LETHAL DOSE / THERAPEUTIC DOSE
TI of Digoxin,Warfarin and Lithium is very small
So they are very Dangerous
• Pharmaceutic : Disintegration and Solubility
• Elixir > Suspension > Cap > Tab > Matrix tab > Enteric coated
• Pharmacokinetic
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Absorption , Distribution , Metabolism ,Excretion ADME
Absorption from intestine > Skin
Absorption from sublingual > subdermal
Non ionized > Ionized
Route of dug administration :
Enteral : Gastrointestinal tract
Parenteral : Subcutaneous, Intramuscular,Intravenous,Intrathecal
Pulmonary
Topical
• Distribution
 Plasma protein : Albumin , sulfunamide
 Binding : Warfain 99%,Cimetidine 20%
 Competition : Aspirin and Warfarin ( Bleeding )
 Hypoproteinemia : Liver failure
 Adipose tissue : Accumulation ( Thiopental )
 Bone : Tetracycline ( Browning of the teeth )
 Blood brain barrier : Anesthetics
 Placental barrier : Anesthetics , Steroids
• Bioavailabiliy : Intravenous dose / Administered dose
• Excretion :
Kidney : Ionized drugs > non ionized drugs
Alkalinization ( Phenobarbital ) Bicarbonate
Acidification ( Amphetamine ) Vitamin C
G.I.Tract : Morphine
Lungs : Anesthetics
Saliva : Dermatitis ( some intravenous drugs )
Mammilary glands : pH= 6.5 Morphine
Affinity : Drug binding to its receptor
Efficacy : Effects after drug binding
Potency : Capability of drugs in similar doses Lid4 Pril 1
Physiologic Ant : two receptors Histamine,Salbutamol
Pharmacologic Ant: one receptor acetylcholine,Atropine
Chemical Ant : Without recepter Fe,desferoxamine
Competetive Ant: Acetylcholine,Atropine
Non competetive Ant : Phanoxybenzamine
Partial agonists : Their efficacy is less than full agonist
Loading dose = Volume of distribtion ×Total concenration
Therapeutic index = LD 50 / ED50 Digoxin
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• Predictable adverse effects
Age : Infants and old patients , Chloramphenicol
Body mass : Infants ( per KG )
Sex : Fat and water ratio ( male and female )
Time of administration : With meal Aspirin
Idiosyncrasy: unusal responses to drugs
Tolerance : Disappearance of effect Morphine
Tachyphylaxis : Rapid tolerance Local anesthetics
Dependence : Physical,Psychological Morphine
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Tincture : Preserved from light , Belladona
Syrup : Sweet, Hydroxyzine
Elixir : Addition of some materials,Acetaminophen
Suspension : Shaking before using,Furazolidone
Lotion:With alchohol,Kalamine
Ointment : Semisolid shape ,
Cream : With water ,
Pill,Dragee : Unfavorable pills
Ovule : Vaginal , Clotrimazole
Suppository : Indomethacin
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