Download DNA:PROTEIN SYNTHESIS REVIEW

DNA: The Molecule of Life
An Introduction to the Structure, Function and Replication of DNA
Where’s Our Genetic Info Stored
 DNA contains the information that is critical to the function of each ________ of your body (e.g. operating
system of a computer)
 Organisms are dependent on the correct _________ of genetic information from parents to ________
 DNA’s presence has been known since 1874, but its function hasn’t always been clear.
 Replicate--to make an accurate and exact _______ of the DNA
DNA Basics
 Genetic material
 DNA is the ___________ material for most organisms
 DNA is found in _____ cells of humans except red blood cells (RBC)
 DNA is physical _____________ that can be copied accurately
 Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes--each chromosome is a long strand of ________
DNA Structure--9.2
 Consists of ______ strands of connected _____________
 DNA = deoxyribonucleic acid (a nucleic acid)
 Nucleotides:
• Small, _________ subunits, make up DNA
• Held together by strong ________ bonds
• Consist of:
– 1. Phosphate
– 2. ___________ sugar
– 3. ___________ bases
Purines
Pyrimidines
____________ (G) _____________ (C)
____________ (A) _____________ (T)
Transfer of genetic information
 __________________
 Guanine & cytosine always pair together (G/C)
 Adenine & thymine always pair together (A/T)
bonds hold two ________________ strands of DNA together
 Weak
 Enzymes “unzip” the DNA
 The sequence of bases (A,T,G,C) determines the _____________ of bases in the ___________ strand
 Enzyme (DNA _______________) matches the free floating nucleotides to exposed bases
 Two new _____________ strands result from replication
 DNA sequences dictate _____________ _____________
Enzymes
 ______________ involved in DNA replication
 _____________--controls coiling, uncoiling, and unzipping of the DNA molecule
 DNA polymerase--________ free nucleotides in the nucleus with the exposed bases on the original strand
of DNA
 __________--helps the new nucleotides bind together to form a “strand” of DNA
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
10.1From ___________ to ____________
 Protein synthesis--converting the genetic _________ (in DNA) into ___________that the body uses
 3 Steps involved
 Transcription
 RNA splicing
 Translation
RNA
 Differences from DNA
 ___________ stranded (vs. Double stranded DNA)
 Contains __________ in place of thymine
 __________ sugar (instead of deoxyribose)
 3 Types of RNA
 mRNA (messenger RNA)--___________ the message from the DNA
 tRNA (transfer RNA)--_______ the ________ ________ to the ribosome to construct the protein
 rRNA (ribosomal RNA)--makes up the ____________
Transcription
 Code of DNA is transcribed (________ onto RNA)
 Coil of DNA loosens
 RNA polymerase _____________ two strands of DNA
 RNA bases (A, U, G, C) ___________ to the complementary DNA bases
RNA splicing
 In eukaryotic cells, RNA splicing occurs
 Introns--_____-_______ regions of DNA/RNA
 Exons--contain codes for the proteins
 Enzymes _________ the introns before the RNA leaves the nucleus
 Exons are __________--mRNA that leaves nucleus has only exons
Translation
 Genetic code on mRNA strand converted into ___________
 In cytoplasm, mRNA attaches to _____________
 tRNA molecule transports amino acid to ____________--elongation of protein chain occurs
• _________--unique 3-base section of mRNA
• Anti-codon--unique 3-base sequence on each _________ that matches codon on mRNA
• The __________ sequence determines the amino acid that will be added to the protein chain
• Some codons on mRNA signal specific jobs (start or stop)
 Peptide bonds form ____________ amino acids (dehydration synthesis) and the protein is made