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DNA: The Molecule of Life An Introduction to the Structure, Function and Replication of DNA Where’s Our Genetic Info Stored DNA contains the information that is critical to the function of each ________ of your body (e.g. operating system of a computer) Organisms are dependent on the correct _________ of genetic information from parents to ________ DNA’s presence has been known since 1874, but its function hasn’t always been clear. Replicate--to make an accurate and exact _______ of the DNA DNA Basics Genetic material DNA is the ___________ material for most organisms DNA is found in _____ cells of humans except red blood cells (RBC) DNA is physical _____________ that can be copied accurately Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes--each chromosome is a long strand of ________ DNA Structure--9.2 Consists of ______ strands of connected _____________ DNA = deoxyribonucleic acid (a nucleic acid) Nucleotides: • Small, _________ subunits, make up DNA • Held together by strong ________ bonds • Consist of: – 1. Phosphate – 2. ___________ sugar – 3. ___________ bases Purines Pyrimidines ____________ (G) _____________ (C) ____________ (A) _____________ (T) Transfer of genetic information __________________ Guanine & cytosine always pair together (G/C) Adenine & thymine always pair together (A/T) bonds hold two ________________ strands of DNA together Weak Enzymes “unzip” the DNA The sequence of bases (A,T,G,C) determines the _____________ of bases in the ___________ strand Enzyme (DNA _______________) matches the free floating nucleotides to exposed bases Two new _____________ strands result from replication DNA sequences dictate _____________ _____________ Enzymes ______________ involved in DNA replication _____________--controls coiling, uncoiling, and unzipping of the DNA molecule DNA polymerase--________ free nucleotides in the nucleus with the exposed bases on the original strand of DNA __________--helps the new nucleotides bind together to form a “strand” of DNA PROTEIN SYNTHESIS 10.1From ___________ to ____________ Protein synthesis--converting the genetic _________ (in DNA) into ___________that the body uses 3 Steps involved Transcription RNA splicing Translation RNA Differences from DNA ___________ stranded (vs. Double stranded DNA) Contains __________ in place of thymine __________ sugar (instead of deoxyribose) 3 Types of RNA mRNA (messenger RNA)--___________ the message from the DNA tRNA (transfer RNA)--_______ the ________ ________ to the ribosome to construct the protein rRNA (ribosomal RNA)--makes up the ____________ Transcription Code of DNA is transcribed (________ onto RNA) Coil of DNA loosens RNA polymerase _____________ two strands of DNA RNA bases (A, U, G, C) ___________ to the complementary DNA bases RNA splicing In eukaryotic cells, RNA splicing occurs Introns--_____-_______ regions of DNA/RNA Exons--contain codes for the proteins Enzymes _________ the introns before the RNA leaves the nucleus Exons are __________--mRNA that leaves nucleus has only exons Translation Genetic code on mRNA strand converted into ___________ In cytoplasm, mRNA attaches to _____________ tRNA molecule transports amino acid to ____________--elongation of protein chain occurs • _________--unique 3-base section of mRNA • Anti-codon--unique 3-base sequence on each _________ that matches codon on mRNA • The __________ sequence determines the amino acid that will be added to the protein chain • Some codons on mRNA signal specific jobs (start or stop) Peptide bonds form ____________ amino acids (dehydration synthesis) and the protein is made