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The Real World AN INTRODUCTION TO SOCIOLOGY 2nd Edition Kerry Ferris and Jill Stein Chapter 15 City and Country: The Social World and the Natural World Population • Demography is the study of the size, composition, distribution, and changes in human population. Three basic demographic variables are crucial to understanding population dynamics. 2 Population (cont’d) • The first is fertility rates—the average number of births per 1,000 people in the population. 3 Global Fertility Rates, 2008 (Figure 15.1) The Real World: An Introduction to Sociology, 2nd Edition Copyright © 2010 W.W. Norton & Company Population (cont’d) • The second is mortality rates—the average number of deaths per 1,000 people in the population. • A related concept is infant mortality rates— the average number of deaths per 1,000 live births. 5 Global Infant Mortality Rates, 2008 (Figure 15.2) The Real World: An Introduction to Sociology, 2nd Edition Copyright © 2010 W.W. Norton & Company Population (cont’d) • Also related is life expectancy—the average age to which a person can expect to live. 7 Global Life Expectancy, 2008 (Figure 15.3) The Real World: An Introduction to Sociology, 2nd Edition Copyright © 2010 W.W. Norton & Company Population (cont’d) • The third demographic variable is migration—the movement of people from one geographic area to another for the purpose of resettling. 9 Population (cont’d) • Robert Malthus was concerned about population growth and overpopulation. His Malthusian theorem stated that exponential population growth would outpace arithmetic growth in food production and other resources. 10 World Population Growth over 2,000 Years (Figure 15.5a) The Real World: An Introduction to Sociology, 2nd Edition Copyright © 2010 W.W. Norton & Company Population (cont’d) • Neo-Malthusians believe that population growth will eventually outpace available resources and lead to a global catastrophe. • Anti-Malthusians believe that family planning (contraception or any other method of controlling family size and birth of children) and other changes will eventually cause population shrinkage. 12 Population (cont’d) • They forecast a very different future when the pattern of demographic transition (a theory suggesting the possible transition over time from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates, resulting in a stabilized population) now occurring in many industrialized nations spreads to the rest of the developing world. 13 Urbanization • Urbanization refers to the movement of increasing numbers of people from rural areas to urban areas. 14 Population Change in the United States, 2007–8 (Figure 15.4) The Real World: An Introduction to Sociology, 2nd Edition Copyright © 2010 W.W. Norton & Company Urbanization (cont’d) • A metropolis is an urban area with a large population, usually 500,000 to 1,000,000 people. 16 Urbanization (cont’d) • A megalopolis (or megacity) is a group of densely populated metropolises that grow dependent on each other and eventually combine to form a huge urban complex. 17 Urbanization (cont’d) • Suburbanization is the shift of large segments of population away from the urban core and toward the edge of cities. • Urban sprawl is a derogatory term applied to the expansion of urban or suburban boundaries, associated with irresponsible or poorly planned development. 18 Rural/Urban Makeup of the U.S. Population, 1800–2000 (Figure 15.6) The Real World: An Introduction to Sociology, 2nd Edition Copyright © 2010 W.W. Norton & Company Urbanization (cont’d) • Another trend that has changed many formerly blighted cities is gentrification (the transformation of poor inner-city neighborhoods into more affluent middleclass communities). 20 Urbanization (cont’d) • Many sociologists also believe that the freedom of city life is a source of alienation (decreasing importance of social ties and community and the corresponding increase in impersonal associations and instrumental logic). 21 Urbanization (cont’d) • An urban legend is modern folklore and a story that is believed (incorrectly) to be true and is widely spread because it expresses concerns, fears, and anxieties about the social world. 22 Urbanization (cont’d) • Other research on cities has examined the bystander effect (the social dynamic that shows that the more people that are present in a moment of crisis, the less likely any one of them is to take action). 23 The Environment • The environment refers to the natural world, the human-made environment, and the interaction between the two. 24 The Environment (cont’d) • Sociologists are interested in social ecology (the study of human populations and their impact on the natural world), especially as environmental degradation has increasingly become a social problem. 25 The Environment (cont’d) • Environmental sociology is the study of the interaction between society and the natural environment, including the social causes and consequences of environmental problems. 26 The Environment (cont’d) • Environmental sociology focuses on four areas: • How the political economy influences the environment • Society’s attitudes about the environment • The Environmental Movement (an organized, social movement) • Sustainable development 27 The Environment (cont’d) • The environmental movement is a social movement organized around concerns about the relationship between humans and the environment. • Its first efforts in the nineteenth century (conservation era), focused on conservation of wilderness areas. 28 The Environment (cont’d) • The modern environmental movement arose in the mid-twentieth century in response to ecological disasters that threaten public health and safety. • Mainstream environmentalism grew in the 1980s as the movement consolidated and lobbied government about environmental concerns. 29 The Environment (cont’d) • Most recently, grassroots environmentalism has emerged in response to perceived blind spots in the larger mainstream groups. Grassroots organizers focus on local action and community involvement. 30 City and Country | Concept Quiz 1. Which of the following is NOT a demographic variable that is crucial to understanding population dynamics? a. Mortality rates b. Life expectancy c. Fertility Rates d. Migration 31 City and Country | Concept Quiz 2. The conservation era of the environmental movement focused on: a. the environmental consequences of new technology, oil exploration, and nuclear power plants b. an increased reliance on economic and scientific expertise c. recycling d. the preservation of wilderness areas 32 City and Country | Concept Quiz 3. The study of the size, composition, distribution, and changes in human population is called: a. urban sociology b. demography c. social ecology d. environmental sociology 33 City and Country | Concept Quiz 4. The __________ stated that at some point in the future, people would far outnumber the available land and food sources. a. Population theory b. Malthus theorem c. Demographic transition theory d. Darwin theorem 34 City and Country | Concept Quiz 5. The shift of large segments of population away from the urban core and toward the edge of cities is known as: a. Urbanization b. Urban planning c. Suburbanization d. Gentrification 35 Additional Art for Chapter 15 Part Opener V The Real World: An Introduction to Sociology, 2nd Edition Copyright © 2010 W.W. Norton & Company Part Opener The Real World: An Introduction to Sociology, 2nd Edition Copyright © 2010 W.W. Norton & Company Part Opener The Real World: An Introduction to Sociology, 2nd Edition Copyright © 2010 W.W. Norton & Company Part Opener The Real World: An Introduction to Sociology, 2nd Edition Copyright © 2010 W.W. Norton & Company Chapter Opener The Real World: An Introduction to Sociology, 2nd Edition Copyright © 2010 W.W. Norton & Company World Population Clock (Figure 15.5b,top) The Real World: An Introduction to Sociology, 2nd Edition Copyright © 2010 W.W. Norton & Company World Population Clock (Figure 15.5b,bottom) The Real World: An Introduction to Sociology, 2nd Edition Copyright © 2010 W.W. Norton & Company The Asian Brown Cloud The Real World: An Introduction to Sociology, 2nd Edition Copyright © 2010 W.W. Norton & Company The Growth of Global Cities (Figure 15.7) Source: Zwingle 2002 The Real World: An Introduction to Sociology, 2nd Edition Copyright © 2010 W.W. Norton & Company Smart Growth vs. Suburban Sprawl The Real World: An Introduction to Sociology, 2nd Edition Copyright © 2010 W.W. Norton & Company Building “Green” The Real World: An Introduction to Sociology, 2nd Edition Copyright © 2010 W.W. Norton & Company Real or Fake? The Real World: An Introduction to Sociology, 2nd Edition Copyright © 2010 W.W. Norton & Company Theory in Everyday Life The Real World: An Introduction to Sociology, 2nd Edition Copyright © 2010 W.W. Norton & Company Operation Weed and Seed The Real World: An Introduction to Sociology, 2nd Edition Copyright © 2010 W.W. Norton & Company City of the Future The Real World: An Introduction to Sociology, 2nd Edition Copyright © 2010 W.W. Norton & Company Sidewalk Etiquette The Real World: An Introduction to Sociology, 2nd Edition Copyright © 2010 W.W. Norton & Company Kitty Genovese The Real World: An Introduction to Sociology, 2nd Edition Copyright © 2010 W.W. Norton & Company Urban Legends The Real World: An Introduction to Sociology, 2nd Edition Copyright © 2010 W.W. Norton & Company Social Ecology The Real World: An Introduction to Sociology, 2nd Edition Copyright © 2010 W.W. Norton & Company Threats to Biodiversity The Real World: An Introduction to Sociology, 2nd Edition Copyright © 2010 W.W. Norton & Company The Greenhouse Effect (Figure 15.8) The Real World: An Introduction to Sociology, 2nd Edition Copyright © 2010 W.W. Norton & Company Opening Day of the Beijing Olympics The Real World: An Introduction to Sociology, 2nd Edition Copyright © 2010 W.W. Norton & Company John Muir The Real World: An Introduction to Sociology, 2nd Edition Copyright © 2010 W.W. Norton & Company Julia “Butterf ly” Hill The Real World: An Introduction to Sociology, 2nd Edition Copyright © 2010 W.W. Norton & Company The 1969 Oil Spill in Santa Barbara The Real World: An Introduction to Sociology, 2nd Edition Copyright © 2010 W.W. Norton & Company Ecoterrorism The Real World: An Introduction to Sociology, 2nd Edition Copyright © 2010 W.W. Norton & Company This concludes the Lecture PowerPoint presentation for Chapter 15 The Real World AN INTRODUCTION TO SOCIOLOGY 2nd Edition Kerry Ferris and Jill Stein For more learning resources, please visit the StudySpace site for The Real World, 2e at: wwnorton.com/studyspace © 2010 W. W. Norton Co., Inc. 63