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The Real World
AN INTRODUCTION TO SOCIOLOGY
2nd Edition
Kerry Ferris and Jill Stein
Chapter 15
City and Country:
The Social World and the
Natural World
Population
• Demography is the study of the size,
composition, distribution, and changes in
human population. Three basic demographic
variables are crucial to understanding
population dynamics.
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Population (cont’d)
• The first is fertility rates—the average
number of births per 1,000 people in the
population.
3
Global Fertility Rates, 2008 (Figure 15.1)
The Real World: An Introduction to Sociology, 2nd Edition
Copyright © 2010 W.W. Norton & Company
Population (cont’d)
• The second is mortality rates—the average
number of deaths per 1,000 people in the
population.
• A related concept is infant mortality rates—
the average number of deaths per 1,000 live
births.
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Global Infant Mortality Rates, 2008 (Figure 15.2)
The Real World: An Introduction to Sociology, 2nd Edition
Copyright © 2010 W.W. Norton & Company
Population (cont’d)
• Also related is life expectancy—the average
age to which a person can expect to live.
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Global Life Expectancy, 2008 (Figure 15.3)
The Real World: An Introduction to Sociology, 2nd Edition
Copyright © 2010 W.W. Norton & Company
Population (cont’d)
• The third demographic variable is
migration—the movement of people from
one geographic area to another for the
purpose of resettling.
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Population (cont’d)
• Robert Malthus was concerned about
population growth and overpopulation. His
Malthusian theorem stated that exponential
population growth would outpace arithmetic
growth in food production and other
resources.
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World Population Growth over 2,000 Years (Figure 15.5a)
The Real World: An Introduction to Sociology, 2nd Edition
Copyright © 2010 W.W. Norton & Company
Population (cont’d)
• Neo-Malthusians believe that population
growth will eventually outpace available
resources and lead to a global catastrophe.
• Anti-Malthusians believe that family
planning (contraception or any other method
of controlling family size and birth of children)
and other changes will eventually cause
population shrinkage.
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Population (cont’d)
• They forecast a very different future when
the pattern of demographic transition (a
theory suggesting the possible transition over
time from high birth and death rates to low
birth and death rates, resulting in a stabilized
population) now occurring in many
industrialized nations spreads to the rest of
the developing world.
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Urbanization
• Urbanization refers to the movement of
increasing numbers of people from rural
areas to urban areas.
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Population Change in the United States, 2007–8 (Figure 15.4)
The Real World: An Introduction to Sociology, 2nd Edition
Copyright © 2010 W.W. Norton & Company
Urbanization (cont’d)
• A metropolis is an urban area with a large
population, usually 500,000 to 1,000,000
people.
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Urbanization (cont’d)
• A megalopolis (or megacity) is a group of
densely populated metropolises that grow
dependent on each other and eventually
combine to form a huge urban complex.
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Urbanization (cont’d)
• Suburbanization is the shift of large
segments of population away from the urban
core and toward the edge of cities.
• Urban sprawl is a derogatory term applied
to the expansion of urban or suburban
boundaries, associated with irresponsible or
poorly planned development.
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Rural/Urban Makeup of the U.S. Population, 1800–2000 (Figure 15.6)
The Real World: An Introduction to Sociology, 2nd Edition
Copyright © 2010 W.W. Norton & Company
Urbanization (cont’d)
• Another trend that has changed many
formerly blighted cities is gentrification (the
transformation of poor inner-city
neighborhoods into more affluent middleclass communities).
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Urbanization (cont’d)
• Many sociologists also believe that the
freedom of city life is a source of alienation
(decreasing importance of social ties and
community and the corresponding increase
in impersonal associations and instrumental
logic).
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Urbanization (cont’d)
• An urban legend is modern folklore and a
story that is believed (incorrectly) to be true
and is widely spread because it expresses
concerns, fears, and anxieties about the
social world.
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Urbanization (cont’d)
• Other research on cities has examined the
bystander effect (the social dynamic that
shows that the more people that are present
in a moment of crisis, the less likely any one
of them is to take action).
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The Environment
• The environment refers to the natural world,
the human-made environment, and the
interaction between the two.
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The Environment (cont’d)
• Sociologists are interested in social ecology
(the study of human populations and their
impact on the natural world), especially as
environmental degradation has increasingly
become a social problem.
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The Environment (cont’d)
• Environmental sociology is the study of the
interaction between society and the natural
environment, including the social causes and
consequences of environmental problems.
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The Environment (cont’d)
• Environmental sociology focuses on four
areas:
• How the political economy influences the
environment
• Society’s attitudes about the environment
• The Environmental Movement (an organized,
social movement)
• Sustainable development
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The Environment (cont’d)
• The environmental movement is a social
movement organized around concerns about
the relationship between humans and the
environment.
• Its first efforts in the nineteenth century
(conservation era), focused on conservation
of wilderness areas.
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The Environment (cont’d)
• The modern environmental movement
arose in the mid-twentieth century in
response to ecological disasters that
threaten public health and safety.
• Mainstream environmentalism grew in the
1980s as the movement consolidated and
lobbied government about environmental
concerns.
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The Environment (cont’d)
• Most recently, grassroots
environmentalism has emerged in
response to perceived blind spots in the
larger mainstream groups. Grassroots
organizers focus on local action and
community involvement.
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City and Country | Concept Quiz
1. Which of the following is NOT a demographic
variable that is crucial to understanding population
dynamics?
a. Mortality rates
b. Life expectancy
c. Fertility Rates
d. Migration
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City and Country | Concept Quiz
2. The conservation era of the environmental
movement focused on:
a. the environmental consequences of new
technology, oil exploration, and nuclear power
plants
b. an increased reliance on economic and
scientific expertise
c. recycling
d. the preservation of wilderness areas
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City and Country | Concept Quiz
3. The study of the size, composition, distribution, and
changes in human population is called:
a. urban sociology
b. demography
c. social ecology
d. environmental sociology
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City and Country | Concept Quiz
4. The __________ stated that at some point in the
future, people would far outnumber the available
land and food sources.
a. Population theory
b. Malthus theorem
c. Demographic transition theory
d. Darwin theorem
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City and Country | Concept Quiz
5. The shift of large segments of population away
from the urban core and toward the edge of cities
is known as:
a. Urbanization
b. Urban planning
c. Suburbanization
d. Gentrification
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Additional Art for Chapter 15
Part Opener V
The Real World: An Introduction to Sociology, 2nd Edition
Copyright © 2010 W.W. Norton & Company
Part Opener
The Real World: An Introduction to Sociology, 2nd Edition
Copyright © 2010 W.W. Norton & Company
Part Opener
The Real World: An Introduction to Sociology, 2nd Edition
Copyright © 2010 W.W. Norton & Company
Part Opener
The Real World: An Introduction to Sociology, 2nd Edition
Copyright © 2010 W.W. Norton & Company
Chapter Opener
The Real World: An Introduction to Sociology, 2nd Edition
Copyright © 2010 W.W. Norton & Company
World Population Clock (Figure 15.5b,top)
The Real World: An Introduction to Sociology, 2nd Edition
Copyright © 2010 W.W. Norton & Company
World Population Clock (Figure 15.5b,bottom)
The Real World: An Introduction to Sociology, 2nd Edition
Copyright © 2010 W.W. Norton & Company
The Asian Brown Cloud
The Real World: An Introduction to Sociology, 2nd Edition
Copyright © 2010 W.W. Norton & Company
The Growth of Global Cities (Figure 15.7)
Source: Zwingle 2002
The Real World: An Introduction to Sociology, 2nd Edition
Copyright © 2010 W.W. Norton & Company
Smart Growth vs. Suburban Sprawl
The Real World: An Introduction to Sociology, 2nd Edition
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Building “Green”
The Real World: An Introduction to Sociology, 2nd Edition
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Real or Fake?
The Real World: An Introduction to Sociology, 2nd Edition
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Theory in Everyday Life
The Real World: An Introduction to Sociology, 2nd Edition
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Operation Weed and Seed
The Real World: An Introduction to Sociology, 2nd Edition
Copyright © 2010 W.W. Norton & Company
City of the Future
The Real World: An Introduction to Sociology, 2nd Edition
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Sidewalk Etiquette
The Real World: An Introduction to Sociology, 2nd Edition
Copyright © 2010 W.W. Norton & Company
Kitty Genovese
The Real World: An Introduction to Sociology, 2nd Edition
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Urban Legends
The Real World: An Introduction to Sociology, 2nd Edition
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Social Ecology
The Real World: An Introduction to Sociology, 2nd Edition
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Threats to Biodiversity
The Real World: An Introduction to Sociology, 2nd Edition
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The Greenhouse Effect (Figure 15.8)
The Real World: An Introduction to Sociology, 2nd Edition
Copyright © 2010 W.W. Norton & Company
Opening Day of the Beijing Olympics
The Real World: An Introduction to Sociology, 2nd Edition
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John Muir
The Real World: An Introduction to Sociology, 2nd Edition
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Julia “Butterf ly” Hill
The Real World: An Introduction to Sociology, 2nd Edition
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The 1969 Oil Spill in Santa Barbara
The Real World: An Introduction to Sociology, 2nd Edition
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Ecoterrorism
The Real World: An Introduction to Sociology, 2nd Edition
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This concludes the Lecture
PowerPoint presentation for
Chapter 15
The Real World
AN INTRODUCTION TO SOCIOLOGY
2nd Edition
Kerry Ferris
and
Jill Stein
For more learning resources, please
visit the StudySpace site for
The Real World, 2e at:
wwnorton.com/studyspace
© 2010 W. W. Norton Co., Inc.
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