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Name CHAPTER 1 Class Date It’s Alive!! Or Is It? 2 The Necessities of Life SECTION National Science Education Standards BEFORE YOU READ After you read this section, you should be able to answer these questions: • What things do almost all organisms need? • Why do living things need food? What Do Living Things Need? Would it surprise you to learn that you have the same basic needs as a tree, a frog, and a fly? Almost every organism has the same basic needs: water, air, a place to live, and food. LS 1a, 1c, 2c, 3a, 3d, 4b, 4c, 4d STUDY TIP Organize As you read, make a table of the basic needs of most organisms. Fill in examples of how different organisms meet those needs. STANDARDS CHECK WATER Your body is made mostly of water. The cells that make up your body are about 70% to 85% water. Cells need water to keep their inside environments stable. Most of the chemical reactions that happen in cells need water. Your body loses water as you breathe, sweat, or get rid of wastes, such as urine. Because of this, you must replace the water that you lose. Organisms get water from the fluids they drink and the foods they eat. However, organisms need different amounts of water. You could survive only three days without water. A kangaroo rat never drinks. It lives in the desert and gets all the water it needs from its food. LS 1c Cells carry out the many functions needed to sustain life. They grow and divide, thereby producing more cells. This requires that they take in nutrients, which they use to provide energy for the work that cells do and to make the materials that a cell or organism needs. Word Help: function use or purpose 1. Explain Why do cells need water? AIR Oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon dioxide are some of the gases in air. Most organisms use oxygen to help them break down food for energy. Other organisms, such as green plants, use carbon dioxide to make food. TAKE A LOOK 2. Infer Why do you think this diving spider surrounds itself with a bubble in the water? Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Interactive Textbook 5 It’s Alive!! Or Is It? Name SECTION 2 Class Date The Necessities of Life continued A PLACE TO LIVE Just as you do, all living things need a place to live. Organisms look for an area that has everything they need to survive. Often, many organisms live in the same area. They all must use the same resources, such as food and water. Many times, an organism will try to keep others out of its area. For example, some birds keep other birds away by singing. FOOD READING CHECK 3. Explain Why do living things need food? Critical Thinking 4. Identify Are you a producer, consumer, or decomposer? Explain your answer. All organisms need food. Food gives organisms energy and nutrients to live and grow. However, not all organisms get food in the same way. There are three ways in which organisms can get food. Some organisms, such as plants, are producers. Producers make their own food using energy from their environment. For example, plants, and some bacteria and protists, use the sun’s energy to make food from carbon dioxide and water. This process is called photosynthesis. Many organisms are consumers. Consumers eat other organisms to get food. For example, a frog is a consumer because it eats insects. All animals are consumers. A mushroom is a decomposer. Decomposers are a special kind of consumer. Decomposers break down dead organisms and animal wastes to get food. Although they are a kind of consumer, decomposers play a different role in an ecosystem than most other consumers. Without decomposers, dead organisms and wastes would pile up all over the Earth! TAKE A LOOK 5. Label On the picture, label the producer, consumer, and decomposer. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Interactive Textbook 6 It’s Alive!! Or Is It? Name SECTION 2 Class Date The Necessities of Life continued What Do Organisms Get from Food? As you just read, organisms can get their food in three different ways. However, all organisms must break down their food to use the nutrients. Nutrients are molecules. Molecules are made of two or more atoms joined together. Most molecules in living things are combinations of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur. Proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, carbohydrates, and ATP are some of the molecules needed by living things. Say It Discuss With a partner, name 10 organisms and describe what foods they eat. Discuss whether these organisms are producers, consumers, or decomposers. PROTEINS Proteins are used in many processes inside a cell. Proteins are large molecules made up of smaller molecules called amino acids. Living things break down the proteins in food and use the amino acids to make new proteins. An organism uses proteins in many different ways. Some proteins are used to build or fix parts of an organism’s body. Some proteins stay on the outside of a cell, to protect it. Proteins called enzymes help to start or speed up reactions inside a cell. Some proteins help cells do their jobs. For example, a protein called hemoglobin is found in our red blood cells. It picks up oxygen and delivers it through the body. READING CHECK 6. Complete Proteins are made up of . Math Focus 7. Calculate Each red blood cell carries about 250 million molecules of hemoglobin. If every hemoglobin molecule is attached to four oxygen molecules, how many oxygen molecules could one red blood cell carry? Spider webs, horns, and feathers are made from proteins. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Interactive Textbook 7 It’s Alive!! Or Is It? Name SECTION 2 Class Date The Necessities of Life continued NUCLEIC ACIDS Critical Thinking 8. Identify Relationships What is the relationship between amino acids and nucleotides? When you bake a cake, you follow instructions to make sure the cake is made correctly. When cells make new molecules, such as proteins, they also follow a set of instructions. The instructions for making any part of an organism are stored in DNA. DNA is a nucleic acid. Nucleic acids are molecules made of smaller molecules called nucleotides. The instructions carried by DNA tell a cell how to make proteins. The order of nucleotides in DNA tells cells which amino acids to use and which order to put them in. A cell uses the order of nucleotides in DNA to determine the order of amino acids. DNA is made of nucleotides. Amino acids join together to form proteins. LIPIDS TAKE A LOOK 9. Describe Describe the structure of a phospholipid, and how it behaves in water. Lipids are molecules that cannot mix with water. They are a form of stored energy. When lipids are stored in an animal, they are usually solid. These are called fats. When lipids are stored in a plant, they are usually liquid. These are called oils. When an organism has used up other sources of energy, it can break down fats and oils for more energy. Lipids also form cell membranes. Cell membranes surround and protect cells. They are made of special lipids called phospholipids. When phospholipids are in water, the tail ends of the molecules come together and the head ends face out. This is shown in the figure below. Phospholipid Membranes Head The head of a phospholipid molecule is attracted to water, but the tail is not. Cell membrane Water Tail When phospholipid molecules come together in water, they form two layers. Water Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Interactive Textbook 8 It’s Alive!! Or Is It? Name SECTION 2 Class Date The Necessities of Life continued CARBOHYDRATES Carbohydrates are molecules made of sugars. They provide and store energy for cells. An organism’s cells break down carbohydrates to free energy. There are two types of carbohydrates: simple and complex. Simple carbohydrates are made of one or a few sugar molecules. Both table sugar and sugar in fruits are simple carbohydrates. The simple carbohydrate glucose is the most common source of energy for cells. The body breaks down simple carbohydrates more quickly than complex carbohydrates. Complex carbohydrates are made of hundreds of sugar molecules linked together. When organisms such as plants have more sugar than they need, they can store the extra sugar as complex carbohydrates. For example, potatoes store extra sugar as starch. You can also find complex carbohydrates in foods such as whole-wheat bread, pasta, oatmeal, and brown rice. Type of carbohydrate Structure READING CHECK 10. Identify What are two types of carbohydrates? Example made of one or a few sugar molecules Complex TAKE A LOOK 11. Complete Complete the table to explain the two types of carbohydrates. ATP After carbohydrates and fats have been broken down, how does their energy get to where it is needed? The cells use adenosine triphosphate, or ATP. ATP is a molecule that carries energy in cells. The energy released from carbohydrates and fats is passed to ATP molecules. ATP then carries the energy to where it is needed in the cell. READING CHECK 12. Identify What molecule carries energy in cells? Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Interactive Textbook 9 It’s Alive!! Or Is It? Name Class Section 2 Review Date NSES LS 1a, 1c, 2c, 3a, 3d, 4b, 4c, 4d SECTION VOCABULARY ATP adenosine triphosphate, a molecule that acts as the main energy source for cell processes carbohydrate a class of energy-giving molecules that includes sugars, starches, and fiber; contains carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen consumer an organism that eats other organisms or organic matter decomposer an organism that gets energy by breaking down the remains of dead organisms or animal wastes and consuming or absorbing the nutrients lipid a type of biochemical that does not dissolve in water; fats and steroids are lipids nucleic acid a molecule made up of subunits called nucleotides phospholipid a lipid that contains phosphorus and that is a structural component in cell membranes producer an organism that can make its own food by using energy from its surroundings protein a molecule that is made up of amino acids and that is needed to build and repair body structures and to regulate processes in the body 1. List Name four things that organisms need to survive. 2. Explain Why are decomposers also consumers? 3. Identify What two nutrients store energy? 4. Describe Describe the structure of a cell membrane. 5. Compare Name two ways that simple carbohydrates differ from complex carbohydrates. 6. Explain Why is ATP important to cells? Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Interactive Textbook 10 It’s Alive!! Or Is It? A Microorganisms, Fungi, and Plants Answer Key Chapter 1 It’s Alive!! Or Is It? 9. A phospholipid has a head and a tail. The head is attracted to water, but the tail is not. 10. simple and complex 11. Type of Structure Example SECTION 1 CHARACTERISTICS OF LIVING THINGS 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. cells Possible answer: chemicals, light, sounds stimulus The conditions inside your body would change. Chemical reactions in your body might not work correctly. two by sexual reproduction DNA carries instructions for the organism’s traits. A single-celled organism makes its cell larger. Organisms with many cells grow by making more cells. carbohydrate made of hundreds of sugar molecules linked together potato, wholewheat bread, pasta, oatmeal, brown rice Chapter 2 Bacteria and Viruses SECTION 1 BACTERIA AND ARCHAEA They are single-celled and have no nucleus. a single loop inside the cell by binary fission They are the same. bacilli, cocci, spirilla Cocci don’t dry out as quickly. Bacilli have a large surface area to help them take in nutrients. 8. as producers, consumers, or decomposers 9. Not all archaea have cell walls. When they do, the walls are made of different materials than those in bacterial cell walls. 10. methane makers 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 1. About 70% to 85% of a cell is made of water. 6. 7. 8. Complex phospholipids. The tails of the phospholipids are between the layers, and the heads face outward. 5. Simple carbohydrates are made of one or a few sugar molecules. Complex carbohydrates are made of many sugar molecules. The body breaks down simple carbohydrates more quickly than complex carbohydrates. 6. ATP is the source of energy in cells. SECTION 2 THE NECESSITIES OF LIFE 5. table sugar; sugar in fruits Review 1. water, air, a place to live, food 2. They get their food from other organisms. 3. carbohydrates and lipids 4. A cell membrane is made of two layers of duce, have DNA, use energy, grow 2. In asexual reproduction, only one parent produces offspring. In sexual reproduction, two parents are needed to produce offspring. 3. The offspring from asexual reproduction are identical to the parent. 4. A bear’s fur helps it to stay warm, even when the temperature of the environment changes. The bear can keep a stable body temperature. 4. made of one or a few sugar molecules 12. ATP Review 1. made of cells, respond to changes, repro- 2. 3. Simple Most of the reactions that happen in a cell need water. so it can have air to breathe It gives them energy and nutrients to live and grow. We are all consumers. We have to eat other organisms to get energy. frog—consumer; mushroom—decomposer; plant—producer amino acids 1 billion Amino acids make up proteins. The order of nucleotides in DNA tells what order the amino acids should be in. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. Interactive Textbook Answer Key 1 Microorganisms, Fungi, and Plants