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In the name of God; the most merciful the most compassionate Islam is a religion for all people from whatever race or background they might be. be Islamic civilization is based on a unity which stands against g anyy racial or ethnic discrimination. Such major racial and ethnic groups as the Arabs, b Persians, i Turks, k Africans, f i Indians, di Chinese and Malays in addition to numerous smaller units embraced Islam and contributed to the building of Islamic civilization. The World of Islam Middle East, ca. 600 A.D. The Middle East in about 600 AD Middl East, Middle E t 7th th C Century t • The Arabian Peninsula ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ The source of Arabs and the Semitic race Mostly desert, few urbanized areas Urban centers centers, Mecca Mainly tribal society Divisive warfare, Evolved nomadic value‐system y based on honor,, loyalty, y y, courage, hospitality, and magnanimity. First mention of ‘Arabs’, 854 B.C. Arabs of the North and Arabs of the South Dynasties in the south Religions – Christianity (inclusive), Judaism (exclusive), polytheism •The Sassanid or Persian Empire ¾Ailing g •The Byzantine or Eastern Roman Empire ¾Christianity is the state religion, 3rd century ¾A foreign f i occupying i power ¾Sectarian conflicts with the locals Byzantine Empire * Persian Empire An Arabian dynasty • * An Arabian A A bi dynasty History of the Ummah • The period of the Prophet of Islam • The period of the Khilafat Rashida • The Umayyad Period • The Abbasid (Baghdad) Period • The Ottoman Period Islam 610-632 Islam, • 571 • 595 Muhammad (PBUH) born in Mecca. Married a Hazrat Khadijah • 610 First revelation in the Hiraa cave (27 Ramadan). • 613 Began to preach publicly • 622 • 624 “Hijra”” Muhammad “Hij M h d (PBUH) and d ffollowers ll go to Almadinah Al di h (Yathrib). (Y h ib) ¾ Year 1 in the Islamic calendar ¾ ‘Missionaries’ sent all over Arabia – building b ildi peaceful f l coalition liti First Ghazwa ‘Badr” • 629 Muhammad conquers Mecca peacefully ¾ destroys idols in Alqaaba. ¾ single-handedly, brings peace to war-torn Arabia • 632 Muhammad (PBUH) dies in Almadinah. Islam at the time of Mohammed PBUH 632 3 Ibraham AS Ismail AS Adnan Quraiysh Qussaiy Abdmanaf Abdshams Hashem Adbelmuttalib (Amnah+) Abdallah Abutalib Hamzeh Alabbas Mohammad Abulahab Alhareth Ali (PBUH) Umayyad Dynasty (661-750) Abbassid Dynasty (750-1258) 632-661: 632 661: the Four Elected Successors (Caliphs) Abu-Bakr - 632-634 • The first elected official. Wise leader, crisis manager g Umar Ibn Elkhattab - 634-644 • A first-rate statesman. Honest, modest and just. • Conquered the Levant, Levant Egypt, Egypt Iraq, Iraq Persia ¾ Damascus (9 / 635) and Jerusalem (5 / 638) surrender peacefully – Omar’s pledge to the Jerusalemites • A modern ode state: Treasury, easu y, co communication, u cat o , de defense. e se. Engraved g aved cu currency. e cy. Othman bin Affan - 644-656 • Collected and compiled the Quran • Emergence of power struggle Ali Bin Abitalib - 656-661 • Power struggle escalated to armed conflict g of p political p parties • Emergence • End of democracy. Ummayah Dynasty in Damascus, Muawyia • (661-680) Islam at 644, the year Omar passed away The Umayyah Dynasty, 661-750 • Empire center and capital move to Damascus • Expansion: All N. Africa (Atlantic), W. Europe, much of C. Asia, ¾ 711: Conquer of Spain and Portugal. Tariq Bin Ziyad ¾ IIslamic l i conquests t continue ti during d i thi this period i d th through hN North th Af Africa i tto S Spain i and France in the West and to Sind, Central Asia and Transoxiana in the East, but the ¾ Basic social and legal institutions of the newly founded Islamic world were established. • Expansion into W. Europe blocked in France by Charles Martial, 732 • Power Struggle continues, continues but the Caliphs brutally liquidate all rivals ¾ Karbalaa in S. Iraq (10 Nov, 680) and the emerge of the Shiha • Abdulmalek builds Al-Aqsa Mosque and the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem (691) • Massive translation of Greek and Indian writings • Arabization of the empire • Bloom of architecture, arts, agriculture, and science Spread of Islam AD 732, 100 Yrs after Mohammed (PBUH) The spread p of Islam Th Abbassid The Abb id Dynasty, D t 750-1258 8 • The center of the Empire moves to Iraq and Iran Baghdad built 762 AD by Almansur (2nd Caliph). Caliph) • Baghdad, • With over 2 M population, Baghdad becomes the glamorous center of the world ¾ Science, Science art art, architecture architecture, learning, learning and wealth • • • • ¾ Lighted streets, public baths, public libraries and hospitals everywhere While the Abbasids ruled in Baghdad, a number of powerful dynasties such as the Fatimids,, Ayyubids yy and Mamluks held p power in Egypt, gyp , Syria y and Palestine. Symbolic loyalty remained to the Abbassid Caliph At 968 Cairo is built. Later, Alazhar University The most important event in this area as far as the relation between Islam and the Western world was concerned was the series of Crusades declared by the Pope and espoused by various European kings. 1096 to 1270 – 8 crusades to recapture the Holy Land and especially Jerusalem for Christianity. Although there was at the beginning some success and local European rule was set up in parts of Syria and Palestine, Muslims finally prevailed and in 1187 Saladin, the great Muslim leader, recaptured Jerusalem and defeated the Crusaders. Abbassid • They ruled for over 500 years but gradually their power waned and they remained only symbolic rulers bestowing legitimacy upon various sultans and princes who wielded actual military power. • The Abbasid caliphate was finally abolished when Hulagu, Hulagu the Mongol ruler, ruler captured Baghdad in 1258, destroying much of the city including its incomparable libraries. Islam Map p Mongol g Map p Islamic History y after the Mongol g Invasion The Mongols devastated the eastern lands of Islam and ruled from the Sinai Desert to India for a century. century They soon converted to Islam and became known as the Il‐Khanids. They were in turn succeeded by Timur and his d descendents d who h made d S Samarqand d their h i capital i l and d ruled l d from 1369 to 1500. The sudden rise of Timur delayed y the formation and expansion of the Ottoman empire but soon the Ottomans became the dominant power in the Islamic world. The Ottoman Empire Ottoman Empire The Ottoman Empire began in 1299 in Turkey Osman a Turkish warrior was Muslim and had followers called Ottomans. Osman conquered the last of the Byzantines and the Ottoman Empire began. Osman became the first Sultan In 1453 Mehmet the Conqueror captured Constantinople and put an end to the Byzantine empire. The Ottomans conquered much of eastern Europe and nearly the whole of the Arab world, Morocco and Mauritania in the West and Yemen, Hadramaut and parts of the Arabian peninsula remaining beyond their control. They reached their zenith of power with Suleyman the Magnificent whose armies reached Hungary and Austria. From the 17th century onward with the rise of Westem European powers and later Russia, the power of the Ottomans began to wane. They nevertheless remained a force to be reckoned with until the First World W when War h they th were defeated d f t db by the th W Western t nations. ti Soon thereafter Kamal Ataturk gained power in Turkey and abolished the six centuries of rule of the Ottomans in 1924. Photo Album by Dr.Irfan Ottoman Map p1 India Before the advent of Muslims, the country was fragmented into small warring states and there was no concept of Indian nationalism. Newly N l converted d Muslim M li Arabs A b were IIslam's l ' fi first contact with i h IIndia. di Islam entered into the land east of the Indus River. The invasion of Sind by Muhammad Ibn Qasim al-Thaqafi in 713 A.D. was precipitated by the failure of Dahir, Dahir the ruler of Sind, Sind to punish the pirates who had interfered with Muslim shipping near the coast of his province Beginning in the 12th century, several Islamic states were established in the Indian subcontinent in the course of a gradual Muslim conquest in the Indian subcontinent. Gradually Muslims gained political power beginning in the early 13th centuryy and this p period which marked the expansion p of both Islam and Islamic culture Successive waves of Muslim armies penetrating into India as Mahmud of Ghazni and Muhammad Tughluq expanded Muslim political domains without altering the religious or social fabric of Indian society. Babur, one of the Timurid princes conquered of much of India in 1526. The Muslim rulers, especially the Mughals, unified the country and gave it a central administration He established the powerful Mogul empire which produced such famous rulers as Akbar, Jahangir, and Shah Jahan and which lasted, despite the gradual rise of British power in India, until 1857 when h iit was officially ffi i ll abolished. b li h d The Muslim immigrants, mostly Arabs, Turks, Afghans and Mughals, made the sub-continent their own homeland. During Muslim rule rule, there was complete social peace and harmony all over the country. This is aptly proved by the fact that history fails to produce even a single instance of communal disturbance which took place during the period of Muslim rule. rule N North h Af Africa i and d Spain S i When the Abbasids captured Damascus, one of the Umayyad princes escaped and made the long journey from there to Spain to found Umayyad rule there, thus beginning the golden age of Islam in Spain. Cordoba was established as the capital and soon became Europe s greatest t t city it nott only l iin population l ti b butt ffrom th the point i t off view i off it its cultural and intellectual life. The Umayyads ruled over two centuries until they weakened and were replaced by local rulers. rulers Meanwhile in North Africa Africa, various local dynasties held sway until two powerful Berber dynasties succeeded in uniting much of North Africa and also Spain in the 12th and 13th centuries. After them this area was ruled once again by local dynasties such as the Sharifids of Morocco who still rule in that country. As for Spain p itself, Muslim p power continued to wane until the last Muslim dynasty was defeated in Granada in 1492 thus bringing nearly eight hundred years of Muslim rule in Spain to an end. Persia While the Ottomans were concerned mostly with the westen front of their empire, to the east in Persia a new dynasty called the Safavids came to power in 1502. The Safavids established a powerful state of their own which flourished for over two centuries i and db became k known ffor the h fl flowering i off the h arts. Their capital, Isfahan, became one of the most beautiful cities with its blue tiled mosques and exquisite houses. The Afghan invasion of 1736 put an end to Safavid rule and prepared the independence of Afghanistan which occured formally in the 19th century. Persia itself fell into turmoil until Nader Shah, the last Oriental conqueror, reunited the country and even conquered India. India But the rule of the dynasty established by him was short‐lived. The Zand dynasty soon took over to be overthrown by the Qajars in 1779 p and ruled until 1921 9 when theyy were in turn who made Tehran their capital replaced by the Pahlavis. Malaysia and Indonesia Farther east in the Malay world, Islam began to spread in the 12th century in northern Sumatra and soon Muslim kingdoms were established in Java, Sumatra and mainland Malaysia. D it the Despite th colonization l i ti off th the M Malay l world, ld IIslam l spread in that area covering present day Indonesia, Malaysia, the southern Philippines and southern Thailand, and is still continuing in islands farther east. Trade map p Africa Islam entered into East Africa at the very beginning of the Islamic period but remained confined to the coast for some time, only the S d and Sudan d Somaliland S lil d b becoming i gradually d ll b both hA Arabized bi d and d Islamized. West Africa felt the presence of Islam through North African traders who traveled with their camel caravans south of the Sahara. Sahara By the 14th century there were already Muslim sultanates in such areas as Mali, and Timbuctu in West Africa and Harar in East Africa had become seats of Islamic learning. learning Gradually Islam penetrated both inland and southward. There also appeared major charismatic figures who inspired intense resistance against g European p domination. The p process of the Islamization of Africa did not cease during the colonial period and continues even today with the result that most Africans are now Muslims carrying on a tradition which has had practically as long a history in certain areas of sub‐Saharan Africa as Islam itself. The World of Islam Medicine and Pharmacy • Institutionalized and regulated the practice of Medicine and Pharmacy ¾ The modern concept of clinics ¾ Board exams and license to p practice. Regulatory g y boards ((FDA's!!!)) ¾ Classification of plants and Algae for their medical use, and outlined possible side effects (PDR’s!!) Hospitals: • Tens, including specialized, in each of Baghdad, Qurtoba, and Damascus. • Mobile hospitals for emergency. • Departments and University Hospitals. • Patients records and vital signs, urine tests, family history. Surgery: • Threads from animals intestine. • Opium and Hashish for Anesthesia. • Alcohol as disinfectant. • Treatment of cataract, and removal of kidney and gallbladder stones Autopsy !!! • Students training (Anatomy) • Cause of death Known Physicians • Abu-bakr Abu bakr Elrazzy; 9th Century • Father of Physicians, great clinician and experimentalist • Many books including “Smallpox and Measles” • Ibn Ibn-Elhaytham: Elhaytham: 10th Century • Multidisciplinary scientist. Ophthalmologist • Mechanism of sight. Function of the eye • O Over e 100 00 boo bookss in Med. ed. a and d Math. at . • Ibn-Seena (Avisai): 10th Century • The “Qannun”, the medical text book in Europe till 19th Cen. • Described the medical use of over 2700 7 p plants • Light has a finite speed, which is much faster than the speed of sound • Ibn-Rushd (Aviros): 13th Century • Philosopher and Physician. Many books • Ibn-Elnafees: • Blood circulation and the role of lungs • Abulkassim Alzahrawi (Abulcasis or Albucasis): 11th Century • One of the greatest surgeons. A good dentist and GP. • Removal of breast cancer. • Hemophilia and its hereditary transmission (female to male) Chemistry and Physics • Arabic terms and methods of preparation for Alkali, Alcohol, Tartarate • Discovered and prepared in pure form 28 elements (Ibn Elhaytham) • The Th processes off crystallization, t lli ti ffermentation, t ti di distillation, till ti sublimation, bli ti • Preparation of acids (H2SO4, HCl, HNO3) and bases (NaOH) • Light travels in straight lines. Laws of refraction, reflection and illusion of light. • Eluded to the Magnetic properties of some objects Mathematics • Arabic numeral and the decimal system of numbers. ¾ Right ⇔ Left. English. But 1000 • Arithmetic. Roots and powers • Algorithm Al ith = Alkhawarismi Alkh i i • • • • The mathematical ZERO Algebra (combining fractions). Th U The Use off ((x, y, z)) tto solve l complex l arithmetic/geometric ith ti / t i problems bl Trigonometry (Albairuni and Albuzjani), differential and Integral. • π = 3.141596535898732. Some known S k M Mathematicians: th ti i • Abu-bakr Alkhawarismi • Thabit Ibn Qarra (9th Century). Calculus. • Ibn-elhaytham • Albairuni (10th Century) • Albuzjani (2° & 3 3° equations) • Omar Elkhayam (2 Astronomy • Astrology (myth) ⇒ Astronomy (science) • Movement, path, and location of planets and stars • The Asturlab • Earth is spherical and rotates along its axis and around the sun. • Calculated earth circumference (Albairuni) ), with • Calculated the time needed for one rotation around the sun ((solar yyear), an error of 2’ 22” only (Albattani) • Calculated the equinoxes • Current names of most constellations, and many stars are from Arabic Some known astronomists: • Alkindy (9th Century) • Albattani (9th Century) y • Ibn-elhaytham (11th Century) • Thabit Ibn Qarra j • Almajreeti