Download Brief History of Islam IA Dec 13

In the name of God;
the most merciful
the most compassionate
™ Islam is a religion for all people from
whatever race or background they might be.
be
™ Islamic civilization is based on a unity
which stands against
g
anyy racial or ethnic
discrimination.
™ Such major racial and ethnic groups as the
Arabs,
b Persians,
i
Turks,
k Africans,
f i
Indians,
di
Chinese and Malays in addition to
numerous smaller units embraced Islam
and contributed to the building of Islamic
civilization.
The World of Islam
Middle East, ca. 600 A.D.
The Middle East in about 600 AD
Middl East,
Middle
E t 7th
th C
Century
t
• The Arabian Peninsula
¾
¾
¾
¾
¾
¾
¾
¾
¾
¾
The source of Arabs and the Semitic race
Mostly desert, few urbanized areas
Urban centers
centers, Mecca
Mainly tribal society
Divisive warfare,
Evolved nomadic value‐system
y
based on honor,, loyalty,
y y,
courage, hospitality,
and magnanimity.
First mention of ‘Arabs’, 854 B.C.
Arabs of the North and Arabs of the South
Dynasties in the south
Religions
– Christianity (inclusive), Judaism (exclusive), polytheism
•The Sassanid or Persian Empire
¾Ailing
g
•The Byzantine or Eastern Roman Empire
¾Christianity is the state religion, 3rd century
¾A foreign
f i occupying
i power
¾Sectarian conflicts with the locals
Byzantine
Empire
*
Persian
Empire
An Arabian
dynasty
•
*
An Arabian
A
A bi
dynasty
History of the Ummah
• The period of the Prophet of Islam
• The period of the Khilafat Rashida
• The Umayyad Period
• The Abbasid (Baghdad) Period
• The Ottoman Period
Islam 610-632
Islam,
• 571
• 595
Muhammad (PBUH) born in Mecca.
Married a Hazrat Khadijah
• 610
First revelation in the Hiraa cave (27 Ramadan).
• 613
Began to preach publicly
• 622
• 624
“Hijra”” Muhammad
“Hij
M h
d (PBUH) and
d ffollowers
ll
go to Almadinah
Al di h (Yathrib).
(Y h ib)
¾ Year 1 in the Islamic calendar
¾ ‘Missionaries’ sent all over Arabia
– building
b ildi peaceful
f l coalition
liti
First Ghazwa ‘Badr”
• 629
Muhammad conquers Mecca peacefully
¾ destroys idols in Alqaaba.
¾ single-handedly, brings peace to war-torn Arabia
• 632
Muhammad (PBUH) dies in Almadinah.
Islam at the time of Mohammed PBUH 632
3
Ibraham AS
Ismail AS
Adnan
Quraiysh
Qussaiy
Abdmanaf
Abdshams
Hashem
Adbelmuttalib
(Amnah+) Abdallah Abutalib Hamzeh Alabbas
Mohammad
Abulahab Alhareth
Ali
(PBUH)
Umayyad Dynasty
(661-750)
Abbassid Dynasty
(750-1258)
632-661:
632
661: the Four Elected Successors (Caliphs)
Abu-Bakr - 632-634
• The first elected official. Wise leader, crisis manager
g
Umar Ibn Elkhattab - 634-644
• A first-rate statesman. Honest, modest and just.
• Conquered the Levant,
Levant Egypt,
Egypt Iraq,
Iraq Persia
¾ Damascus (9 / 635) and Jerusalem (5 / 638) surrender peacefully
– Omar’s pledge to the Jerusalemites
• A modern
ode state: Treasury,
easu y, co
communication,
u cat o , de
defense.
e se. Engraved
g aved cu
currency.
e cy.
Othman bin Affan - 644-656
• Collected and compiled the Quran
• Emergence of power struggle
Ali Bin Abitalib - 656-661
• Power struggle escalated to armed conflict
g
of p
political p
parties
• Emergence
• End of democracy. Ummayah Dynasty in Damascus, Muawyia
• (661-680)
Islam at 644, the year Omar passed away
The Umayyah Dynasty, 661-750
• Empire center and capital move to Damascus
• Expansion: All N. Africa (Atlantic), W. Europe, much of C. Asia,
¾ 711: Conquer of Spain and Portugal. Tariq Bin Ziyad
¾ IIslamic
l i conquests
t continue
ti
during
d i thi
this period
i d th
through
hN
North
th Af
Africa
i tto S
Spain
i
and France in the West and to Sind, Central Asia and Transoxiana in the East,
but the
¾ Basic social and legal institutions of the newly founded Islamic world were
established.
• Expansion into W. Europe blocked in France by Charles Martial, 732
• Power Struggle continues,
continues but the Caliphs brutally liquidate all rivals
¾ Karbalaa in S. Iraq (10 Nov, 680) and the emerge of the Shiha
• Abdulmalek builds Al-Aqsa Mosque and the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem (691)
• Massive translation of Greek and Indian writings
• Arabization of the empire
• Bloom of architecture, arts, agriculture, and science
Spread of Islam
AD
732, 100 Yrs after
Mohammed (PBUH)
The spread
p
of Islam
Th Abbassid
The
Abb
id Dynasty,
D
t 750-1258
8
• The center of the Empire moves to Iraq and Iran
Baghdad built 762 AD by Almansur (2nd Caliph).
Caliph)
• Baghdad,
• With over 2 M population, Baghdad becomes the glamorous center of the
world
¾ Science,
Science art
art, architecture
architecture, learning,
learning and wealth
•
•
•
•
¾ Lighted streets, public baths, public libraries and hospitals everywhere
While the Abbasids ruled in Baghdad, a number of powerful dynasties such
as the Fatimids,, Ayyubids
yy
and Mamluks held p
power in Egypt,
gyp , Syria
y and
Palestine. Symbolic loyalty remained to the Abbassid Caliph
At 968 Cairo is built. Later, Alazhar University
The most important event in this area as far as the relation between Islam
and the Western world was concerned was the series of Crusades
declared by the Pope and espoused by various European kings.
1096 to 1270 – 8 crusades to recapture the Holy Land and especially
Jerusalem for Christianity. Although there was at the beginning some
success and local European rule was set up in parts of Syria and
Palestine, Muslims finally prevailed and in 1187 Saladin, the great Muslim
leader, recaptured Jerusalem and defeated the Crusaders.
Abbassid
• They ruled for over 500 years but gradually their power waned and they
remained only symbolic rulers bestowing legitimacy upon various sultans and
princes who wielded actual military power.
• The Abbasid caliphate was finally abolished when Hulagu,
Hulagu the Mongol ruler,
ruler
captured Baghdad in 1258, destroying much of the city including its
incomparable libraries.
Islam Map
p
Mongol
g Map
p
Islamic History
y after the Mongol
g Invasion
™ The Mongols devastated the eastern lands of Islam and
ruled from the Sinai Desert to India for a century.
century
™ They soon converted to Islam and became known as the
Il‐Khanids. They were in turn succeeded by Timur and his
d
descendents
d
who
h made
d S
Samarqand
d their
h i capital
i l and
d ruled
l d
from 1369 to 1500.
™ The sudden rise of Timur delayed
y the formation and
expansion of the Ottoman empire but soon the Ottomans
became the dominant power in the Islamic world.
The Ottoman Empire
Ottoman Empire
™
™
™
™
™
™
™
™
™
™
™
The Ottoman Empire began in 1299 in Turkey
Osman a Turkish warrior was Muslim and had followers called Ottomans.
Osman conquered the last of the Byzantines and the Ottoman Empire began.
Osman became the first Sultan
In 1453 Mehmet the Conqueror captured Constantinople and put an end to
the Byzantine empire.
The Ottomans conquered much of eastern Europe and nearly the whole of the
Arab world,
Morocco and Mauritania in the West and Yemen, Hadramaut and parts of the
Arabian peninsula remaining beyond their control.
They reached their zenith of power with Suleyman the Magnificent whose
armies reached Hungary and Austria.
From the 17th century onward with the rise of Westem European powers and
later Russia, the power of the Ottomans began to wane.
They nevertheless remained a force to be reckoned with until the First World
W when
War
h they
th were defeated
d f t db
by the
th W
Western
t
nations.
ti
Soon thereafter Kamal Ataturk gained power in Turkey and abolished the six
centuries of rule of the Ottomans in 1924.
Photo Album
by Dr.Irfan
Ottoman Map
p1
India
™ Before the advent of Muslims, the country was fragmented into small
warring states and there was no concept of Indian nationalism.
™ Newly
N l converted
d Muslim
M li Arabs
A b were IIslam's
l ' fi
first contact with
i h IIndia.
di
™ Islam entered into the land east of the Indus River. The invasion of Sind
by Muhammad Ibn Qasim al-Thaqafi in 713 A.D. was precipitated by the
failure of Dahir,
Dahir the ruler of Sind,
Sind to punish the pirates who had
interfered with Muslim shipping near the coast of his province
™ Beginning in the 12th century, several Islamic states were established in
the Indian subcontinent in the course of a gradual Muslim conquest in
the Indian subcontinent.
™ Gradually Muslims gained political power beginning in the early 13th
centuryy and this p
period which marked the expansion
p
of both Islam and
Islamic culture
™ Successive waves of Muslim armies penetrating into India as Mahmud of
Ghazni and Muhammad Tughluq expanded Muslim political domains
without altering the religious or social fabric of Indian society.
™ Babur, one of the Timurid princes conquered of much of India in
1526. The Muslim rulers, especially the Mughals, unified the
country and gave it a central administration
™ He established the powerful Mogul empire which produced such
famous rulers as Akbar, Jahangir, and Shah Jahan and which
lasted, despite the gradual rise of British power in India, until 1857
when
h iit was officially
ffi i ll abolished.
b li h d
™ The Muslim immigrants, mostly Arabs, Turks, Afghans and
Mughals, made the sub-continent their own homeland.
™ During Muslim rule
rule, there was complete social peace and
harmony all over the country. This is aptly proved by the fact that
history fails to produce even a single instance of communal
disturbance which took place during the period of Muslim rule.
rule
N
North
h Af
Africa
i and
d Spain
S i
™ When the Abbasids captured Damascus, one of the Umayyad princes
escaped and made the long journey from there to Spain to found
Umayyad rule there, thus beginning the golden age of Islam in Spain.
™ Cordoba was established as the capital and soon became Europe s
greatest
t t city
it nott only
l iin population
l ti b
butt ffrom th
the point
i t off view
i off it
its
cultural and intellectual life.
™ The Umayyads ruled over two centuries until they weakened and were
replaced by local rulers.
rulers Meanwhile in North Africa
Africa, various local
dynasties held sway until two powerful Berber dynasties succeeded in
uniting much of North Africa and also Spain in the 12th and 13th
centuries.
™ After them this area was ruled once again by local dynasties such as the
Sharifids of Morocco who still rule in that country.
™ As for Spain
p
itself, Muslim p
power continued to wane until the last
Muslim dynasty was defeated in Granada in 1492 thus bringing nearly
eight hundred years of Muslim rule in Spain to an end.
Persia
™ While the Ottomans were concerned mostly with the westen front of their
empire, to the east in Persia a new dynasty called the Safavids came to
power in 1502.
™ The Safavids established a powerful state of their own which flourished for
over two centuries
i and
db
became k
known ffor the
h fl
flowering
i off the
h arts.
™ Their capital, Isfahan, became one of the most beautiful cities with its blue
tiled mosques and exquisite houses.
™ The Afghan invasion of 1736 put an end to Safavid rule and prepared the
independence of Afghanistan which occured formally in the 19th century.
™ Persia itself fell into turmoil until Nader Shah, the last Oriental conqueror,
reunited the country and even conquered India.
India But the rule of the dynasty
established by him was short‐lived.
™ The Zand dynasty soon took over to be overthrown by the Qajars in 1779
p
and ruled until 1921
9 when theyy were in turn
who made Tehran their capital
replaced by the Pahlavis.
Malaysia and Indonesia
Farther east in the Malay world, Islam began to spread
in the 12th century in northern Sumatra and soon
Muslim kingdoms were established in Java, Sumatra
and mainland Malaysia.
D it the
Despite
th colonization
l i ti off th
the M
Malay
l world,
ld IIslam
l
spread in that area covering present day Indonesia,
Malaysia, the southern Philippines and southern
Thailand, and is still continuing in islands farther east.
Trade map
p
Africa
™ Islam entered into East Africa at the very beginning of the Islamic
period but remained confined to the coast for some time, only the
S d and
Sudan
d Somaliland
S
lil d b
becoming
i gradually
d ll b
both
hA
Arabized
bi d and
d
Islamized.
™ West Africa felt the presence of Islam through North African traders
who traveled with their camel caravans south of the Sahara.
Sahara
™ By the 14th century there were already Muslim sultanates in such
areas as Mali, and Timbuctu in West Africa and Harar in East Africa
had become seats of Islamic learning.
learning
™ Gradually Islam penetrated both inland and southward. There also
appeared major charismatic figures who inspired intense resistance
against
g
European
p
domination. The p
process of the Islamization of
Africa did not cease
™ during the colonial period and continues even today with the result
that most Africans are now Muslims carrying on a tradition which
has had practically as long a history in certain areas of sub‐Saharan
Africa as Islam itself.
The World of Islam
Medicine and Pharmacy
• Institutionalized and regulated the practice of Medicine and Pharmacy
¾ The modern concept of clinics
¾ Board exams and license to p
practice. Regulatory
g
y boards ((FDA's!!!))
¾ Classification of plants and Algae for their medical use, and outlined
possible side effects (PDR’s!!)
Hospitals:
• Tens, including specialized, in each of Baghdad, Qurtoba, and Damascus.
• Mobile hospitals for emergency.
• Departments and University Hospitals.
• Patients records and vital signs, urine tests, family history.
Surgery:
• Threads from animals intestine.
• Opium and Hashish for Anesthesia.
• Alcohol as disinfectant.
• Treatment of cataract, and removal of kidney and gallbladder stones
Autopsy !!!
• Students training (Anatomy)
• Cause of death
Known Physicians
• Abu-bakr
Abu bakr Elrazzy; 9th Century
• Father of Physicians, great clinician and experimentalist
• Many books including “Smallpox and Measles”
• Ibn
Ibn-Elhaytham:
Elhaytham: 10th Century
• Multidisciplinary scientist. Ophthalmologist
• Mechanism of sight. Function of the eye
• O
Over
e 100
00 boo
bookss in Med.
ed. a
and
d Math.
at .
• Ibn-Seena (Avisai): 10th Century
• The “Qannun”, the medical text book in Europe till 19th Cen.
• Described the medical use of over 2700
7 p
plants
• Light has a finite speed, which is much faster than the speed of sound
• Ibn-Rushd (Aviros): 13th Century
• Philosopher and Physician. Many books
• Ibn-Elnafees:
• Blood circulation and the role of lungs
• Abulkassim Alzahrawi (Abulcasis or Albucasis): 11th Century
• One of the greatest surgeons. A good dentist and GP.
• Removal of breast cancer.
• Hemophilia and its hereditary transmission (female to male)
Chemistry and Physics
• Arabic terms and methods of preparation for Alkali, Alcohol, Tartarate
• Discovered and prepared in pure form 28 elements (Ibn Elhaytham)
• The
Th processes off crystallization,
t lli ti
ffermentation,
t ti
di
distillation,
till ti
sublimation,
bli ti
• Preparation of acids (H2SO4, HCl, HNO3) and bases (NaOH)
• Light travels in straight lines. Laws of refraction, reflection and illusion of light.
• Eluded to the Magnetic properties of some objects
Mathematics
• Arabic numeral and the decimal system of numbers.
¾ Right ⇔ Left. English. But 1000
• Arithmetic. Roots and powers
• Algorithm
Al ith = Alkhawarismi
Alkh
i i
•
•
•
•
The mathematical ZERO
Algebra (combining fractions).
Th U
The
Use off ((x, y, z)) tto solve
l complex
l arithmetic/geometric
ith ti /
t i problems
bl
Trigonometry (Albairuni and Albuzjani), differential and Integral.
• π = 3.141596535898732.
Some known
S
k
M
Mathematicians:
th
ti i
• Abu-bakr Alkhawarismi
• Thabit Ibn Qarra (9th Century). Calculus.
• Ibn-elhaytham
• Albairuni (10th Century)
• Albuzjani
(2° & 3
3° equations)
• Omar Elkhayam (2
Astronomy
• Astrology (myth) ⇒ Astronomy (science)
• Movement, path, and location of planets and stars
• The Asturlab
• Earth is spherical and rotates along its axis and around the sun.
• Calculated earth circumference (Albairuni)
), with
• Calculated the time needed for one rotation around the sun ((solar yyear),
an error of 2’ 22” only (Albattani)
• Calculated the equinoxes
• Current names of most constellations, and many stars are from Arabic
Some known astronomists:
• Alkindy (9th Century)
• Albattani (9th Century)
y
• Ibn-elhaytham (11th Century)
• Thabit Ibn Qarra
j
• Almajreeti