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Biology II CP - Final Exam Study Guide
Chapter 1
Biology in the 21st Century
1. What is biology the study of? Life
2. What technology led to the discovery of cells? Microscope
3. What is the difference between an inference, hypothesis, and theory?
4. What are independent and dependent variables? (Explain) Independent variables include the factor
that is changed in an experiment. Dependent variables change based on the independent variables
and are measured during the experiment.
5. What are constants and controls? Constants and controls (controlled variables) are factors that
remain the same throughout the duration of the experiment.
6. Sugar dissolves in, or mixes completely with, water. The solubility of a substance in water is
determined by measuring the maximum amount of the substance that dissolves in a given amount of
water at a given temperature. HYPOTHESIS: The solubility of sugar in water increases as the
temperature of the water decreases. Identify the independent and dependent variables.
Independent variable: Water temperature; Dependent variable: Solubility of water
7. An electromagnet can be made by wrapping insulated wire around an iron nail and connecting the
ends of the wire to a 6-volt battery. HYPOTHESIS: Increasing the number of coils of wire wrapped
around the nail increases the strength of the electromagnet, as measured by the number of paper
clips the magnet can pick up. Identify the independent and dependent variables. Independent
variable: number of coils of wire; Dependent variable: strength of the magnet (number of paper clips
picked up)
Chapter 2
Chemistry of Life
1. What is the difference between a covalent bond and an ionic bond? In a covalent bond, atoms share
electrons, in an ionic bond, one atom loses one or more electrons and the other gains one or more
electrons.
2. What is matter composed of? atoms
3. What can be found in an atom? Protons, neutrons, and electrons
4. Why is Carbon such a common element on Earth? Carbon has 4 valence electrons and is able to bond
with up to four different elements.
5. What is a monomer? What is a polymer? A monomer is an individual subunit that makes up the
larger molecule (a polymer)
6. 2HO2 → H2 + O2 Explain why this is a chemical reaction; label the reactants and the products of
this reaction. This is a chemical reaction because chemical bonds are being broken and re-formed.
2HO2 is the reactant and H2 and O2 are the products.
7. Fill in the chart below.
Monomer
Polymer
Foods
What types of foods do you eat to
get it?
Function
What the body uses it for?
Carbohydrate/ Monosaccharide/simple Short term energy
Polysaccharide sugar
storage
Sugars, pasta
Lipid
Glycerol and fatty acids
Peanuts/almonds
Protein
Amino Acid
Nucleic acids
Nucleotide
Long term energy
storage
“Workhorse” of
the cell. Carry out
cell function
Holds genetic
information
Eggs
N/A
Chapter 3
The Biosphere
1. What is the difference between a food web and a food chain? A food chain consists of one set of
feeding relationships whereas
2. Define and provide an example of each:
a. Herbivore: organisms that only consumes plant material; rabbit
b. Carnivore: Organism that only consumes meat (insects included); wolf
c. Omnivore Organisms that consumes plants and meat; humans
d. Producer: Organism that can produce its own food (generally from sunlight)
e. Consumer: Organism that cannot make its own food; human
f. Decomposer: Organism that breaks down organic material; certain types of bacteria
g. Heterotroph: Organism that cannot make its own food; human
h. Autotroph: Organism that can produce its own food (generally from sunlight)
3. What is an energy pyramid? How much energy makes it to the next level? Why? A pyramid
representing how energy moves through an ecosystem. Only 10% of the original energy makes it
to the next level in an energy pyramid – the rest is either lost as heat or used up by the organism.
4. List the trophic levels in an energy pyramid and give an example of an organism you may find in
each level. Producer (grass)  primary consumer (grasshopper)  secondary consumer (frog) 
Tertiary consumer (snake)
Chapter 4
Ecosystems and Communities
1. Describe primary and secondary succession Succession is the development of a new ecosystem in
an area. Primary succession happens in an area where there is no soil (a volcano has come in and
2.
3.
4.
5.
wiped everything out and covered everything in a layer of lava), secondary succession happens in
an area where there has been a major disruption (such as a forest fire), but the soil remains.
How do abiotic factors influence primary succession? Primary succession is affected by abiotic
factors such as sunlight, water availability and temperature. These can all affect the growth of
new material in an area.
Explain how water moves throughout an ecosystem during the water cycle. Water moves from
the Earth via transpiration and evaporation, condensation assists in its ability to precipitate back
to Earth where it can run off into bodies of water or seep into the ground.
What is an estuary? An estuary is an area where fresh and salt water meet.
Biomes:
a. Temperate forest: Where we live; deciduous trees that lose their leaves in the winter;
animals such as wolves and deer; plants such as oak trees and maple trees
b. Tundra: characterized by permafrost; very harsh winters; animals such as caribou; plants
such as small shrubs
c. Boreal forest: very cold winters and cool summers; many evergreen trees; animals such as
the snowshoe hare; plants such as spruce trees
d. Tropical rain forest: found near the equator; nutrient-poor soil; greatest diversity of any
biomes
e. Tropical dry forest: Relatively high temperatures all year; notable dry season; plants such
as deciduous trees; animals such as rodents.
f. Tropical grassland:
g. Desert: generally very hot days and cool nights; animals such as rodents and snakes;
plants such as cacti
h. Temperate grassland: Located near the equator; dominated by grasses 3-6 ft tall; drought
resistant plants; animals such as giraffes
i. Temperate woodland: hot and dry in the summer, cool and moist in the winter; also has
drought resistant plants
j. Northwest coniferous forest: Very similar to boreal forest
Chapter 8 & 9
Cells and Energy
1. What is ATP? What are the components of ATP? Adenosine triphosphate – provides cells with
energy (produced in mitochondria); components: adenine and 3 phosphate groups.
2. What is the difference between the energy stored in food and the energy in ATP? The energy
stored in food (such as glucose) must be converted to ATP by the mitochondria before it can be
utilized by the cell.
3. What is the purpose of cellular respiration? To produce ATP for use by the cell.
4. Where does cellular respiration occur? The mitochondria
5. What is aerobic respiration? (include the advantages and disadvantages) Cellular respiration is an
aerobic process – it requires oxygen. It can produce a very large amount of ATP when compared
to anaerobic respiration.
6. What is anaerobic respiration? (include the advantages and disadvantages) Anaerobic respiration
is the production of ATP without oxygen. Fermentation is an anaerobic process that allows
glycolysis to continue making a small number of ATP when oxygen is not available.
7. What are the products and reactants in photosynthesis? Reactants – water & carbon dioxide
Products – glucose & oxygen
8. What is the difference between photosynthesis and chemosynthesis? Photosynthesis uses
sunlight, chemosynthesis uses chemicals and occurs in areas where there is no available sunlight
(such as the bottom of the ocean)
Match the following processes with the statements below:
a. Glycolysis
b. Kreb’s cycle
c. Fermentation
d. Electron Transport chain
9. Which process(es) are aerobic? Krebs cycle; ETC
10. Which process(es) are anaerobic? Glycolysis; Fermentation
11. Which process(es) allows glycolysis to continue if oxygen is not readily available? Fermentation
12. Which process(es) produces the most ATP? ETC (and Krebs cycle)
13. Which process produces Lactic Acid? Fermentation
Extending Mendelian Genetics
Chromosomes and Phenotype
 What is a carrier? What would be the genotype for a carrier of Cystic Fibrosis (C-normal, c- Cystic
fibrosis)? A carrier is a person who carries the allele for a specific genetic disorder but does not
exhibit symptoms. Cc
How many chromosomes are found in human DNA? How many are sex chromosomes? 23 pairs total;
1 pair are sex chromosomes
 What are sex-linked genes? Sex-linked genes are those carried on the X chromosome
• What are the sex chromosomes for males? __XY__ for females? ___XX____
• Do sex-linked traits occur more frequently in males or in females? _Males_ Why? Males only
receive one copy of the X chromosome, so they cannot be carriers for a sex-linked trait. They only
need to receive one copy in order to have the disorder where females would need two copies.
Complex Patterns of Inheritance
 What is the purpose of a Punnett Square? To determine the possible traits for the offspring of two
individuals.
 Define genotype and phenotype. Phenotype: the physical appearance of a trait; genotype: the actual
alleles a person receives.
 Explain the difference between homozygous and heterozygous Homozygous describes an individual
that has two of the same alleles for a given trait; heterozygous describes an individual who has two
different alleles for a given trait.
 Define heredity: The passing on of traits from one generation to another.
 What is incomplete dominance? Provide an example. Incomplete dominance occurs when neither
allele is completely dominant over another. An example includes 4 o’clock flowers – Neither red or
white alleles are completely dominant so heterozygous individuals have a pink phenotype
 What is codominance? Provide an example. Codominance occurs when two or more alleles are
dominant at the same time, so both phenotypes are expressed when an individual receives more than
one allele. An example includes blood type.
 Could a baby with O blood have parents with A and B blood? Draw a Punnett Square to explain. Yes,
a baby with O blood type could have parents with types A and B blood:
A
O
B
O
AB
AO
BO
OO
 What is represented on the axis (or outside) of a Punnett square? Parents
 What is represented on the inside of a Punnett square? Possible genotypes of the offspring
Human Genetics and Pedigrees
 What is a pedigree? How is it useful? A pedigree is a chart that shows how traits are passed on
through families; it is useful because it can help determine how likely parents are to have offspring
with a specific disease.
• squares on a pedigree represent ___Males____
• circles represent ____Females____
• a circle that has been halfway filled in means: __A female carrier_________
• a circle that has been completely filled in means: ___A female with a given trait____________
 Can a male be a carrier of an autosomal trait? __Yes_ of a sex-linked trait? ___No__
 How does a son inherit colorblindness? Can he inherit colorblindness from his father? A son inherits
colorblindness by receiving the colorblindness allele on his X chromosome from his mother. It must
come from his mother because he receives his Y chromosome from his father (and receives one
chromosome from each parent, therefore the X must come from the mother)
 How does a daughter inherit colorblindness? A daughter would need to receive an X chromosome
with the colorblindness trait from both her mother and father. This would mean that the father must
be colorblind and the must either be colorblind or a carrier.
Chapter 12
DNA
1. Draw and label a nucleotide
2. List the four DNA nitrogen bases and which pairs with which.
Adenine – Thymine
Guanine - Cytosine
3. Describe the process of DNA replication DNA replication produces two identical copies of the DNA
molecule. The DNA unwinds, and nucleotides are brought in to pair up with the template DNA
strand. The results in two identical copies of the original strand, each with one half of the original.
Chapter 13
RNA and Protein Synthesis
1. List 3 differences between DNA and RNA DNA – Deoxyribose sugar, double-stranded, has
Thymine; RNA – Ribose sugar, single-stranded, Uracil
2. List the four RNA nitrogen bases and which pairs with which.
Adenine – Uracil
Guanine - Cytosine
3. Define codon and anticodon: A codon is a set of three nucleotides that codes for a specific amino
acid. An anticodon consists of the three nucleotides complementary to the codon, and it brings
the specific amino acid that the codon codes for.
4. Describe the process of transcription: DNA  RNA; DNA is used as a template to build a strand
of RNA, which is then sent out of the nucleus into the cytoplasm
5. Describe the process of translation: The RNA from transcription is used as a template to build a
strand of amino acids, or a protein.
Evolution
1. What forces shaped natural selection? The environment is the main factor shaping natural
selection, environmental changes lead to different variations becoming more fit, therefore
beginning to change the overall population via natural selection.
2. Define mass extinction: Mass extinction consists of an extinction of a large number of species due
to an environmental change such as multiple volcanic eruptions
3. Define and give an example of each:
a. Vestigial structure: A reduced structure in an organism with little or no function. Example:
whale pelvic bone
b. Homologous structure: Structures in two different organisms that have the same general
build and could be similar in function.
c. Analogous structure: Structures in two different organisms that have the same function
but different structure.
4. What provides an organism with greater fitness? Traits that allow the organism to survive better
and reproduce more than other organisms in the population
5. According to Darwin which organisms tend to survive and reproduce? Organisms that are better
suited to the environment they live in survive and reproduce better than those without
advantageous traits.