Download Rainfall - John Marshall High School

Principles of Ecology
13.1 – 13.6
Have you ever owned a pet?
1. What are the needs that a pet
might have?
Goldfish Scenario
You are at the carnival. You decide to compete in the “ring toss”
or “ping pong toss” game. The grand prize: a goldfish. After
spending all your money on snacks and drinks you are down to
your last dollar. This throw better count! You remember the
“Natural Selection Bird Contest”, which taught you about
trajectory, balance of strength, and poise. You throw. It falls in!
You’re welcome! They give you your prize in a plastic sandwich
bag. As you are heading home you remember that there is a
glass bowl and some left over fish food in the cupboard. And then
it hits you: what happened to your last fish? Let’s not think about
that now. This little fish seems happy. The next morning you find
your goldfish floating upside down. What happened?
With your partner, write down:
2. What might have gone wrong?
Now
With your partner, read
“Goldfish Care” and fill out
Goldfish Needs & Did This Kill
Your Goldfish?
Could We Have Saved Our Fish?
More fish…
If our goldfish survives
and is happy, can we
start adding other fish
to our aquarium?
How about the Mosquito Fish?
3. Make a list of
things you need to
know to decide
whether or not they can
live together.
Mosquito Fish Short
Then,
Read Mosquito Fish Preference cards
Then,
Fill out “Mosquitofish needs” & “Shared
needs”
Could a goldfish and a mosquito fish survive
together?
4. How would you design an aquarium so that
both of these fish can live together?
A living organism has needs. Those
needs may be different from the needs of
other species.
Living organisms must obtain the things
they need for their survival from their
environment.
Ecosystems
• Ecology = study of interactions of living
organisms with one another and their
environment.
• These are the levels of organization:
– Organism
– Population
– Community
– Ecosystem
– Biome
Ecosystems
• Organism = a single member of a species
• Population = many members of a species
living together in one area
• Community = groups of different species
living together in one area
Ecosystems
• An ecosystem is the community plus all
the different physical aspects of the
habitat. This includes:
– Abiotic (nonliving) factors such as rocks,
water, weather and soil.
– Biotic (living) factors, which are all the living
organisms like plants, animals and bacteria.
• Biodiversity describes the number of
species found within an ecosystem.
Desert
Organism:
California Quail
Population:
Several California Quail
Community:
Quail, Hare & Coyote
Ecosystem:
Biotic + Abiotic Factors
Keystone Species
Flow of Energy
• Autotrophs, or
Producers, are
organisms who get
their energy from nonliving sources.
• Heterotrophs, or
Consumers, are
organisms who get
their energy from
other living, or onceliving resources.
Flow of Energy
• Chemosynthesis = a process where an organism
uses chemicals to make carbohydrates.
• Example: CO2, H2O, H2S, O2 → Sugar Compounds
Food Chains & Food Webs
• “Food Web” video in science resources
• videos
Food Chains & Food Webs
• Food Chains
show a sequence
that links species
by feeding
relationships.
• Food Webs
show complex
networks of
feeding
relationships.
Herbivores only eat plants
Carnivores only eat animals
Omnivores eat plants & animals
Detritivores eat dead organic
matter
Scavengers?
-Scavengers, such as
vultures, are
considered
detritivores.
Decomposers break down organic
matter
Trophic Levels:
(nourishment or food levels)
→ Quaternary Consumer
→ Tertiary Consumer
→ Secondary Consumer
→ Primary Consumer
→ Producer
Energy Pyramids show
transfer of energy in an
ecosystem.
→ 6 Kilocalories
→ 60 Kilocalories
→ 600 Kilocalories
→ 6000 Kilocalories
Interactions in
Ecosystems
Ch. 14.1 – 14.5
Interactions in Ecosystems
• Habitat = all of the biotic and abiotic factors in
the area where an organism lives.
Interactions in Ecosystems
• Ecological niche = how an organism lives
within its habitat.
Competition = when two organisms fight for the
same limited resources.
• Interspecific
competition =
different species
fight for same
resources.
• Intraspecific
competition =
same species fight
for same
resources.
Predation = when one organism captures another
for food.
Interactions in Ecosystems
• Symbiosis = close ecological relationship
between two or more organisms of
different species that live in direct contact
with one another.
Parasitism
• The lamprey has
attached itself to
this fish and has
begun to eat its
flesh.
• Lamprey wins,
fish loses =
parasitism
Parasitism
• This caterpillar
(tomato hornworm)
has wasp eggs on
its back. When the
wasps hatch they
will prey on the
caterpillar.
• Wasp wins,
caterpillar loses =
parasitism.
Mutualism
• The caterpillar
gives nectar to
the ant, the ant
protects the
caterpillar from
predators.
• Ant wins,
caterpillar wins =
mutualism
Commensalism
• Clown fish is
protected from
predators by
anemone's stinging
cells, but anemone
does not benefit.
• Clown fish wins,
anemone doesn’t
care =
commensalism
Commensalism or Mutualism?
• Oxpecker picks
fleas and ticks
off of rhino.
• Is this
commensalism
or mutualism?
Commensalism or Mutualism?
• Tapeworm takes
nutrition from cows
intestine.
• Cow is not hurt,
unless too many
tapeworms develop.
Biomes
• A biome is a group of plants and animals
that live in a particular place because they
have adapted to the climate.
Climate? What’s that?
• Climate is determined by:
– Temperature (high and low) during the year
– Precipitation
– Amount of sunlight during the year
What parts of the planet did I leave
out?
• Ice worlds
• Oceans
Tropical Rainforest
Rainfall: More than 100”/year
Temp.: 68-93 F˚
• Warm all year long
• LOTS of plant and animal species
• Animals use loud vocalizations to defend territory
and attract mates
Tropical Dry Forest
Rainfall: around 100”/year
Temp: 68-93 F˚
• Warm all year long
• Have long periods without rain
• Animals must find water holes during dry season
Tropical Savanna
Rainfall: 20-50”/year
Temp: warm/hot all year
• Grassland with a few scattered trees
• Rainfall is concentrated in 6-8 months, very dry rest
of year
• Many hoofed animals like gazelles and other
herbivores
Mediterranean Woodland/Shrub land
or Chaparral
Rainfall: 15-25”/year
Temp: warm to cool
• Warm to hot, dry summers
• Cool, wet winters
• Plants adapted to extremes in temperature and
moisture
• Mostly low-branch plant species (bushes/shrubs)
Temperate Grassland
Rainfall: 20-35”/year
Temp: -30 to 100 F˚
• Dominated by grass instead of trees
• Vast temperature range
• Many organisms live below ground to survive the
dry, windy conditions
Temperate Forest
Rainfall: 30-60”/year
Temp: -20 to 90 F˚
• In areas with very distinct seasons
• Vast temperature range
• Trees are deciduous (lose their leaves in the fall)
Boreal Forest
Rainfall: 12-33”/year Temp: warm to very cold
• Short, moist, warm summers
• Long, cold, dry winters
• Growing season less than 130 days
• Trees are mostly evergreen
• Animals have heavy fur coats to withstand winter
Tundra
Rainfall: 6-10”/year
Temp: cold
• Long, dark, cold winters (up to 10 months long)
• Few plant species, mostly mosses
• Limited drainage for water
• Ground is permanently frozen
• Growing season is 50-60 days
Desert
Rainfall: < 20”/year
Temp: hot to cold
• Temperature varies: can be hot & dry, semiarid,
coastal, or cold (all have low rainfall)
• Plants adapted to storing water or having deep root
systems
• Many animals nocturnal to avoid heat of day
Changing Ecosystems
• Succession = the gradual and sequential
replacement of populations in an area.
Pioneer species = first species to colonize a
new habitat.
Seral community = communities that come
after pioneer species that gradually replace
each other.
Climax community = community that remain
stable as long as there is no disturbance.
• Primary
Succession
= from
nothing to
life
(can take a
really long
time)
• Secondary
Succession
= from
disruption
back to life
(doesn’t take
as long)