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Chem IA Name ___________________________ Blk _____ Final Exam Review Packet Naming and Reaction types KEY TERMS Combination/Synthesis: A reaction in which substances combine to form a new compound. 1. element + element => binary compound (A + B => AB) 2. metal oxide + water => base 3. Nonmetal oxide + water => acid 4. Metal oxide + nonmetal oxide => salt Decomposition: A reaction in which a substance breaks down into to or simpler substances. **Opposite of combination! Single Replacement: One element replaces another element in a compound. Reactivity sequence: Can react with acids, not with H2O Metals: Li>K>Ba>Ca>Na>Mg>Al>Zn>Fe>Ni>Sn>Pb>H>Cu>Hg>Ag>Au can react with H2O and acids <= => cannot react with acids or H2O Nonmetals: F>O>Cl>N>Br>S>I Double Replacement: A reaction in which there is an exchange of components AB+ CD → AD + CB Complete Combustion of Organic Compounds: A reaction of organic compounds with oxygen. The result is a production of water vapors, carbon dioxide gas, heat and flame. Organic compound + Oxygen => carbon dioxide + water Precipitate: A product of an aqueous reaction that settles to the bottom of the reaction container. Acid: H+ + Acid remainder Base: Metal Ion + OHSalt: Metal + Acid remainder Oxides: Element + Oxygen IDEAS FROM UNIT See compound naming flow chart Completing and balancing all types of reactions. Ionic equations with solubility rules. SECTIONS TO REFER TO/ DOCUMENTS Chapter 2 (pg. 48-72) Flow chart Kinds of inorganic compounds sheet Reaction types summary sheet. Reaction Types Questions 1. What is K2O2? 2. What is the formula for Ammonium nitrate? 3. Setup for combination/composition reactions? 4. Basic Setup for single replacement reactions? 5. Basic setup for decomposition reactions? 6. Setup for double replacement reactions? 7. Setup for complete combustion reactions? 8. What are the products of complete combustion reactions? 9. What is a binary compound? 10. Complete the equation Al + H2SO4 11. What is ionic bonding? 12. What is covalent bonding? 13. Name of Cr2O7-2? 14. What is a noble gas? 15. What is an oxide? 16. Balance: NH3 + O2 H2O + NO2 17. What is the formula for Ammonia? 18. Write the formula for lithium oxalate? 19. What is the name of N2O? 20. What is the formula for Iron (III) chlorite? 21. Complete the decomposition equation for Al(OH)3 22.Balance the equation: 23. Balance the equation PCl3 + C+ H2O => Al2O3 => HCl + Al4C3 + H3PO3 CO 24. What is the name Na2O? 25. What is the name for MgCO3? 26. What is the formula for thiocyanic acid? 27. What is the charge of carbonate ion? 28. What is the name of H2CO3 29. Write in the formula and balance, hydrogen sulfide + ammonium chloride → hydrochloric acid + ammonium sulfide? 30. What is the formula for perchloric acid? 31. What are the names of the following compounds? CrSO4 FePO4 NH4Cl 32. What are the formulas for the following compounds: periodic acid, sodium hydrogencarbonate, potassium hypoarsenite? 33. Which of the following is a cyanide? Mg3As2, NaCN, or KNO3 34. Match the following names with their ions: C2O42- ___ (A) Thiosulfate ion SCN- ___ (B) Thiocyanate ion 2S2O3 ___ (C) Dichromate ion Cr2O72- ___ (D) Oxalate ion Single Replacement: Write the reaction. If no reaction, write NR 35. Mercury(II) chloride mixed with iodine 36. Lithium mixed with calcium oxide 37. Hydrogen mixed with copper(I) iodide Double Replacement (All aqueous solutions) Write the reaction. If no reaction, write NR 38. Sodium sulfate mixed with ammonium acetate 39. Potassium hydroxide mixed with carbonic acid 40. Magnesium chloride mixed with francium sulfide 41. Write the reaction of potassium oxide and sulfur trioxide 42. Write the reaction of vanadium (V) oxide and water 43. SX2 + H2O H2SO3 What is X? 44. Write the reaction of the decomposition of sodium carbonate? 45. Write a balanced equation for the combustion of octane (C8H18) in oxygen. Are the following compounds soluble in water? 46. ZrC2H3O2 47. La2(SiO4)3 48. Ra(OH)2 Balance the equations: 49. ____K2(Cr2O7) + ____HCl ____Cl2 + ____H2O + ____CrCl3 + ____KCl 50. ____Cu + ____HNO3 ____H2O + ____NO + ____Cu(NO3)2 Answer Key (Naming, Reactions) 1. Potassium peroxide 2. NH4NO3 3. A + B AB 4. AB + C CB + A 5. AB A + B 6. AB + CD AD + CB 7. CxHyOz + O2 CO2 + H2O 8. CO2 + H2O 9. A compound that consists of two elements. 10. 2Al + 3H2SO4 Al2(SO4)3 + 3H2 11. Attraction between positively and negatively charged ions. 12. A bond between two atoms which is formed by sharing of electrons between the atoms. 13. Dichromate ion 14. Elements in Group VIII and the elements which are least reactive. 15. Element + Oxygen 16. 4NH3 + 7O2 6H2O + 4NO2 17. NH3 18. Li2C2O4 19. Nitrogen oxide. 20. Fe(ClO2)3 21. 2Al(OH)3 Al2O3 + 3 H2O 22. PCl3 + 3H2O 3HCl + H3PO3 23. 9C + 2Al2O3 Al4C3 + 6CO 24. Sodium oxide 25. Magnesium carbonate 26. HSCN 27. (2-) 28. Carbonic Acid 29. H2S + 2NH4Cl 2HCl + (NH4)2S 30. HClO4 31. chromium (II) sulfate, iron (III) phosphate, ammonium chloride 32. HIO4, NaHCO3, K 3AsO2 33. NaCN, it is sodium cyanide 34. D, B, A, C 35. HgCl2 + I2 NR 36. 2Li + CaO Li2O + Ca 37. H2 + 2CuI 2HI + 2Cu 38. Na2SO4 + 2NH4C2H3O2 2NaC2H3O2 + (NH4)2SO4 NR 39. 2KOH + H2CO3 K2CO3 + 2H2O 40. MgCl2 + Fr2S 2FrCl + MgS 41. K2O + SO3 K2SO4 42. V2O5 + H2O V(OH)5 43. Oxygen 44. Na2CO3 Na2O + CO2 45. 2C8H18 + 25O2 16CO2 + 18H2O 46. Yes 47. No 48. Yes 49. K2(Cr2O7) + 14 HCl 3 Cl2 + 7 H2O + 2 CrCl3 + 2 KCl 50. 3 Cu + 8 HNO3 4 H2O + 2 NO + 3 Cu(NO3)2 Moles, Stoichiometry & Solutions KEY TERMS Actual yield: The amount of product actually obtained in a chemical reaction. Anhydrous compound: A chemical compound that does not contain water molecules inside of crystals. Aqueous solution: A solution in which water is the solvent. Avogadro’s number: A number (6.022 x 1023) equal to the number of atoms in exactly 12.0 g of carbon-12; the number of atoms, molecules, or formula units in one mole of an element. Concentrated solution: A solution that contains a large amount of solute relative to the amount that could dissolve. Concentration: The measure of the quantity of a solute dissolved in a given quantity of solution. Dilute Solution: A solution that contains a small amount of solute relative to the amount that could dissolve. Empirical formula: A chemical formula that shows the lowest relative number of atoms of each element in a compound. Formula mass: The sum of the atomic masses (atomic weights in amu) of the atomic species as given in the formula of the compound Hydrate: A compound in which a specific number of water molecules are associated with each formula unit. Hydrated ion: An ion surrounded with water molecules in a solution. Hydration: Solvation in water. Limiting reactant: The reactant that is consumed when a reaction occurs and therefore the one that determines the maximum amount of product that can form. Molarity (M): A concentration term expressed as the moles of a solute dissolved in 1L of solution. Molar mass (g/mol): The mass of 1 mol of entities of a substance. Mole: The SI unit based on the amount of a substance. One mole is the amount of substance that contains a number of entities equal to the number of atoms in 12.0 g of carbon-12. Molecular formula: A formula that shows the actual number of atoms of each element in a molecule Molecular weight: The sum (in amu) of the atomic masses of a formula unit of a compound. Percent by mass: The fraction by mass expressed as a percentage. A concentration term expressed as the mass in grams of a solute dissolved per 100. g of solution. Percent by volume: A concentration term defined as the volume (L) of a solute in 100.L of solution. Percent yield: The actual yield of a reaction expressed as a percent of the theoretical yield. Saturated solution: A solution that contains the maximum amount of dissolved solute at a given temperature in the presence of undissolved solute. Solute: The substance that dissolves in the solvent. Solvent: The substance in which the solute dissolves. Stoichiometry: The study of the mass-mole-number relationships in chemical formulas and reactions. Theoretical yield: The amount of product predicted by the stoichiometrically equivalent molar ration in the balanced equation. Weak electrolyte: A weak electrolyte is a substance that dissociates into ions only to a small degree. IDEAS FROM UNIT Quantity of Matter : The mole Molecular mass and molar mass Percent composition of compounds Empirical formula Quantitative meaning of a chemical equation Calculation of the amounts of reactants and products Limiting Reagent Percent Yield Concentration of solutions Dilution of solutions Concentrations of ions in solutions SECTIONS TO REFER TO/ DOCUMENTS Chapter 3 (pg. 87-133) Stoichiometry In-Class Problems Stoichiometry Worksheet Limiting Reagent Notes Solution Concentration Worksheet Stoichiometry Questions 1. What is the atomic weight of an element? How does the atomic weight of an element differ from the mass number of an isotope? 2. How are atoms weights determined? 3. What is the SI unit for quantity of matter? 4. What is Avogadro’s number? 5. What is molecular weight? Formula weight? Molar mass? 6. What advantage is there in using a mole as a unit for quantity of matter rather than a kg or pound? 7. What is a hydrate? 8. List some quantitative ways to express the concentration of a solution. 9. What is a limiting reactant in a reaction? 10. Why is it called the limiting reactant? 11. What additional information other than the percent composition would you need to determine the molecular formula of a compound? 12. How many atoms does a mole of atoms contain? 13. How many molecules are in a mole of molecules? 14. Calculate the percent composition of the elements in the following compound, CuSO4(H2O)5 15. A 1.00-gram sample of a compound loses .450 grams of oxygen when it decomposes upon heating. The solid residue that remains is sodium chloride. Derive the simple formula for the compound. 16. When a 1.214-gram sample of a compound consisting of only carbon and hydrogen is burned, 4.059 grams of carbon dioxide and .9494 grams of water are produced. Calculate the percent of carbon and percent of hydrogen in the compound and derive the empirical formula for the compound. 17. H2(g) reacts with O2(g) to form water vapor according to the equation: 2H2(g) + O2(g) there are 5.60 g of H2 how many grams of O2 and H2O are there? 2H2O(g). If 18. Copper metal reacts in concentrated sulfuric form hydrated copper sulfate, CuSO4(H2O)5, according to the equation Cu(s) + 2H2SO4(aq) + 3H2O(l) CuSO4.5H2O(s) + SO2(g). How many grams of hydrated copper sulfate can be obtained in this reaction when 20.0 g of 98.0 percent sulfuric acid reacts with excess copper, assuming that the yield is 85.0 percent? Given the following equation: 2 KClO3 2 KCl + 3O2 19. How many moles of O2 can be produced by letting 80. grams of KClO3 react? 20. 4.64L CO2 at STP reacts with excess CaO to produce 24.5 g of product, what is the percent yield? 21. Calculate the empirical formula for a compound that has 43.7 g phosphorus and 56.3 grams of oxygen. 22. Hydrogen gas and nitrogen gas are reacted to produce NH3 gas. If you have 2.34 g of H2 how many grams of NH3 can you produce? (Hint: write out equation!) Given the equation 2Al + 6HCl = 2AlCl3 + 3H2 23. What is the Limiting reagent if 10.0g of Al and 5.0g of HCl react? 24. How many moles of AlCl3 do you have? 25. 0.0200 mol of a gas occupy 2.00L at certain conditions. 200.L of another gas, at the same conditions, weighs 8.00 g. What is the molar mass of the second gas? What is the element? Use this equation: 2HCl + Na2CO3 2NaCl + H2CO3 26. If 32g HCl react with 20g of Na2CO3, what is the limiting reagent? How much H2CO3 is produced, in grams? For the equation C4H10O7 + 3O2 4CO2 + 5H2O 27. What mass of CO2 is produced when 36.0 g C4H10O7 is burned? 28. For the same reaction, what mass of H2O is produced when 10L of O2 is burned at STP? For the reaction CaO + CO2 CaCO3 29. How much CaCO3 is made, in grams, when 12.0 g CO2 reacts with excess CaO? 30. Iron reacts with chlorine gas to form iron chloride. If 30.0 g Fe react with 50.0 g Cl2, what is the limiting reactant? How much FeCl3 is produced? 31. What is the molarity of a sodium chloride solution that contains 12.4 g NaCl in 350. mL of solution? 32. Find the mass percent of each element in sucrose (C12H22O11) In 1.28 mol Ag... 33. …how many grams of Ag? 34. …how many Ag atoms? 35. Write a balanced equation for the complete combustion of glucose (C6H12O6)... if 72.0 g glucose combusts with excess O2, what is mass of CO2 formed? More Stoichiometry questions 36. What is the percent by mass of oxygen in Fe2O3? 37. The human body needs at least 1.03 x 10-2 mol O2 every minute. If all of this oxygen is used for the cellular respiration reaction that breaks down glucose, how many grams of glucose does the human body consume each minute? C6H12O6(s) + 6 O2(g) -----> 6 CO2(g) + 6 H2O(l) 38. Carbon monoxide can be combined with hydrogen to produce methanol, CH3OH. Methanol is used as an industrial solvent, as a reactant in synthesis, and as a clean-burning fuel for some racing cars. If you had 152.5 kg CO and 24.50 kg H2, how many kilograms of CH3OH could be produced? 39. Dimethylglyoxime is a molecular compound with many uses. An elemental analysis of Dimethylglyoxime shows is to be 41.37% carbon, 6.94% hydrogen, 24.12% nitrogen, and 27.56% oxygen by weight. If Dimethylglyoxime contains only these elements, what is its empirical formula? 40. In the space shuttle, the CO2 that the crew exhales is removed from the air by a reaction within canisters of lithium hydroxide, which creates water that is consumed by the astronauts. On average, each astronaut exhales about 20.0 mol of CO2 daily. If there are five astronauts and there is only 500 Kg of Lithium Hydroxide, how long will it be before their supply of water stops growing? CO2(g) + 2 LiOH(s) ------> Li2CO3(aq) + H2O Answer Key (Moles & Stoichiometry) 1. The average of the masses of its naturally occurring isotopes weighted according to their abundances. 2. The natural abundance of each isotope of an element is considered to determine the weights. 3. A mole 4. 6.022 x 1023 5. - The molecular weight is the sum of the atomic weights of the atoms in a molecule of a compound. - The formula weight is the sum of the atomic weights of the atoms in a formula unit. - The molecular mass is the mass of one mole of any substance. 6. The advantage of using moles is that the quantity will be much smaller and a number that is easier to deal with than if you use grams or pounds. Also, you can compare two quantities of moles to each other, but you cannot compare grams and pounds. 7. Hydrates are compounds formed by the union of water with some other substance, generally forming a neutral body, as certain crystallized salts. 8. The concentration of a solution is usually given in moles per liter (mol x L-1 OR mol/L). This is also known as molarity. 9. In chemistry, the limiting reagent is the chemical that determines how far the reaction will go before the chemical in question gets used up, causing the reaction to stop. 10. It is called the limiting reagent because it limits the amount of product that can be produced during a reaction. What is… (give an example of each) 11. To obtain the molecular formula for a compound, its molecular weight is compared with the weight of the empirical formula. The simplest formula of the compound can be obtained from the mole ration of the elements, which are the same as their atomic weight. 12. Avogadro’s number: 6.022 x 1023 13. Avogadro’s number: 6.022 x 1023 14. 1 mol Cu x 63.55 g of Cu/ 1 mol = 63.55 g Cu 1 mol S x 32.06 g of S/ 1 mol = 32.06 g S 9 mol O x 16 g of O/ 1 mol = 144 g of O 32.06/249.69 = 13% 144/249.69 = 58% 10 mol H x 1.008 g of H/ 1 mol = 10.08 g of H 15. NaxClzOy 63.55/249.69 = 25% 10.08/249.69 = 4% NaCl 1-.450 = .55g of NaCl .45gO x 1 mol O /16 g O = .02813 mol O .55 g of NaCl x 1mol/58.44 g NaCl x 1molCl/1molNaCl x 35.45gCl/1 molCl =.3337 g of Cl = .009411 mol Cl .55g -.337g = .2163 g Na .2163gNa x 1 mol/22.98g Na = .009412 mol Na NaClO3 16. CxHy + O2 CO2 + H2O 4.055 g CO2 x 1 mol CO2/44.01 g CO2 x 1mol C/1 mol CO2 x 12.01 g C/1 mol C = 1.107 g C = .09223 mol C .9494 g H2O x 1mol H2O/18 g H2Ox 2 mol H/1 mol H20 x 1.008 g H/ 1 mol H = 1.063 g H = .1055 mol H 0.09223mol C:0.1055mol H = 1:1 1.108g C + 0.1063g H=1.214g CH 91.26% C, 8.756% H CH 1.108g C/1.214g=91.26% C 0.1063g H/1.214g=8.756% H 17. 5.6 g H2 x 1 ml H2/2.02 g H2 x 1 mo O2/2 mol H2 x 32 g O2/1 mol O2 =44.36 g O2 5.6 g H2 x 1 mol H2/2.02 g H2 x 1 mol of H2O/1 mol of H2 x 18 g of H2O/1 mol H2O = 49.90 g H2O 18. 20gH2SO4 / 98.08gH2SO4 x 1 mol CuSO4(H2O)5 / 2 mol H2SO4 x 249.61 g CuSO4(H2O)5= 25.45 g CuSO4(H2O)5 25.45 g CuSO4(H2O)5 x .85 = 21.63 CuSO4(H2O)5 Given the following equation: 2 KClO3 2 KCl + 3 O2 19. (.97 mol O2) 20. CO2 + CaO CaCO3 (20.73 g CaCO3) (Percent yield = 84.6%) 21. 3.52/1.41=2.5 (THE EMPIRICAL FORMULA IS:P2O5) 22. (13.2 grams NH3) Given the equation 2Al + 6HCl = 2AlCl3 + 3H2 23. (LR= HCl. ) 24. (mol AlCl3 =0.046) 25. 4.00g/mol Helium Use this equation: 2HCl + Na2CO3 2NaCl + H2CO3 26. 22.1 g NaCl Na2CO3 is LR For the equation C4H10O7 + 3O2 4CO2 + 5H2O 27. 37.3 g CO2 28. 13.4 g H2O 29. 27.3 g CaCO3 30. Fe is limiting reactant, 87.0g FeCl3 formed. 31. 0.606 M 32. 42.1%C, 6.48% H, 51.4%O In 1.28 mol Ag... 33. 138 g Ag 34. 7.71 X 1023 Ag atoms 35. C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O 106 g CO2 38. 174 Kg (CH3OH) 39. C2H4NO 36. 30.0% (O) 40. 67.7 days 37. 31.2 g (C6H12O6) Energy KEY TERMS Endothermic reaction: A reaction that absorbs heat from its surroundings and therefore increases the enthalpy of the system. Exothermic reaction: A reaction that emits heat into its surroundings and therefore decreases the enthalpy of the system. Calorimetry: A method of determining the energy exchange between the reaction system and its environment. Enthalpy (H): The thermodynamic quantity that the sum of the internal energy plus the product of the pressure and volume. Specific heat capacity (c): The quantity of heat is required to change 1 gram of a substance by 1ºC. Temperature: The measure of average molecular kinetic energy. IDEAS FROM UNIT ΔH Enthalpies of formation/reaction Hess’s Law of heat summation Q = mcΔT 4.184 J = 1 cal SECTIONS TO REFER TO/ DOCUMENTS Chapter 6 (pg. 225-255) Energy Worksheet Energy Questions 1. What is the meaning if a positive sign for the enthalpy of a reaction? 2. Define heat capacity. 3. Define specific heat. 4. A reaction absorbs 15.0 Joules of heat. How many calories is this? 5. If the heat of a reaction is -20 Joules, is this reaction endothermic or exothermic? 6. Define a calorie in terms of the quantity of water in its temperature change: 7. What is ΔH? 8. Write the formula of ΔH. 9. What is the first law of thermodynamics? 10. What is Hess’s Law? 11. How is ΔHrxn related to enthalpies of formation of the reactants and the products? 12. It took 478 J to heat 199.9 g of "Z" from 34.62ºC to 46.64ºC. What was the specific heat of "Z"? 13. How many kJ of energy will be released when 12.50 L of CH4 (gas at SATP) is burned? 1CH4 + 2O2 1CO2 + 2H2O + 890. kJ 14. 1S + 1O2 1SO2 1 SO2 + 1/2 O2 1SO3 1 SO3 + 1 H2O 1 H2SO4 ∆H = -297kJ/mol ∆H = -144kJ/mol ∆H = -84kJ/mol Calculate the ∆H for the reaction 1 S + 3/2 O2 + 1 H2O 1 H2SO4 15. Use the following enthalpies of formation to calculate the ∆H for the following reaction and indicate whether the reaction is exo- or endothermic. 3 C + 1 SiO2 1 SiC + 2 CO SiC: -27 kJ/mol, CO: -26 kJ/mol, SiO2: -205 kJ/mol 16. How many grams of C2 H4 must be burned in oxygen to release 1550 kJ? (Equation? ∆H?) 17. How many joules of heat is released when 2.0 L of water is cooled from 40ºC to 15ºC? 18. The specific heat capacity of copper is 0.38 J g -1 ºC-1. What is the temperature increase of 2.0 kg of copper after absorbing 8.4 kJ of heat? 19. 4 Fe(s) + 3 O2(g) 2Fe2O3 (s) ∆Hrxn = -1.65 x 10³ kJ/mol How much heat is involved when 5.00kg of iron reacts? Answers (Energy): 1. This means energy was absorbed during the reaction. 2. The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of a gram of a substance by 1 degree Celsius. 3. The heat capacity of 1 gram of a substance. 4. 3.59 calories 5. Exothermic 6. One calorie is the heat/energy required to raise 1g H2O 1 degree Celsius. 7. The sum of the internal energy change of a system and its pressure x volume is called delta H enthalpy change. 8. ∆H= ∆E + P ∆V at constant pressure 9. Energy is neither created nor destroyed. 10. Enthalpy changes of different steps of a reaction can be added to obtain the delta H for the reaction. 11. ∆Hrxn = ∆Hf (products)- ∆Hf (reactants) 12. C= Q/M∆T C= 478 J / (199.9 g x 12.02 g) = .199 J/g x degrees Celsius .199 J/g x degrees Celsius 13. 12.50 L CH4 x 1 mol CH4 x 890. kJ = 449 kJ 24.8 L CH4 1 mol CH4 14. 1 S + 1 O2 1SO2 ∆H = -297Kj/mol 1 SO2 + 1/2 O2 1SO3 ∆H = -144Kj/mol 1 SO3 + 1 H2O 1 H2SO4 ∆H = -84Kj/mol -297 + -144 + -84 = -525 ∆H = -525 kJ/mol S (*remember: use whatever product/reactant there is one whole mole of (i.e. 1S as opposed to 1/2 O2 when giving the unit of mol/x.) 15. Reaction: 3 C +1 SiO2 1 SiC + 2CO 0 + -205 -27 + -52 = +126 KJ/mol SiO2 +126 KJ/mol SiO2 ; Endothermic reaction 16. 1550 kJ x 1 mol C2 H4 x 28.4 C2 H4 1412 KJ 1 mol C2 H4 = 30.7 g C2H4 30.7 g C2H4 17. 2.1 x 105 joules 18. 11.1 degrees Celsius 19. 5.00kg Fe x 1000g Fe x 1mol Fe x 2mol Fe2O3 x -1.65 x 10³ kJ = 1 1kg Fe 55.85g Fe 4mol Fe 1mol Fe2O3 (3 significant figures): 73,900kJ 73,858.55 kJ Atomic Structure and Periodicity KEY TERMS Electronegativity: the relative ability of an atom in a molecule to attract bonding electron pairs Periodic trend: how a certain aspect of periodicity changes as you move down and across the periodic table Ionization energy: the amount of energy needed to remove an outer electron from its orbit periodic trend: increases to the right, decreases going down Electron affinity: energy change that occurs when an electron adds to an isolated atom to form a negative ion periodic trend: increases left to right, decreases going down Cathode: A negatively charged electrode Anode: A positively charged electrode Frequency: The number of waves that pass a given reference point in a unit time Hertz (Hz): The SI unit for frequency which equals one wave per second, therefore 1 Hz = 1 wave/s Quantum levels: Energy levels Ground state orbit: Orbit closest to the nucleus Principal quantum levels: shells Plank's Constant (h): 6.626 x 10-34, used to find frequency Valence electrons: The electrons of an atom that can be involved in chemical bonding; the electrons on the outermost energy level. Atomic radii: The radius of an atom which follows this periodic trend: the radius decreases left to right within a period, increases going down. Formulas: c = λ·ν speed of light=wavelength·frequency c = speed of light = 3.00x10^8 m/s λ = wavelength ν = frequency ∆E = ∆nhν ∆E = change in energy ∆n = change in quantum number h = Planck’s constant=6.626x10^-34 J·s ν = frequency λ=h/mu wavelength = Planck’s constant/(mass·speed) λ=wavelength h=Planck’s constant IDEAS FROM UNIT Electron Configuration Orbital Box Diagrams Lewis (e-) Dot structures Probability Diagram Valence Electrons Quantum Numbers Periodic Trends Waves and Frequency Bohr Model Calculation of energy released from electrons jump from one shell to another SECTIONS TO REFER TO/ DOCUMENTS Chapter 7 and 8 (pg. 257-327) Lewis Dot Structure Rules Types of Substances Atomic Structure and Periodicity Questions 1. What is the formula for frequency? 2. What is the formula for energy? 3. What kind of wave carries the most energy? 4. What is the visible light spectrum? 5. What are the levels called that electrons get excited to? 6. What are the known four subshell letters? 7. What are the quantum levels? 8. How many electrons can fit in a p subshell? 9. What are the two spin quantum number values? 10. How many electrons can fit in an f subshell? 11. How would you classify elements into groups with a whole bunch of similar properties? 12. How would you classify elements with practically the same properties? 13. How would you classify elements by the order of filling electron orbitals? 14. How would you classify elements by the electron sublevels being filled? 15. What is the periodic trend of ionization energy? Why? 16. What is the difference between 1st and 2nd ionization energies? 17. Rank from lowest to highest ionization energy: F, Se, Ra, Pd, Ne. 18. Which is greater, 1st or 2nd ionization energy? 19. What is the trend in the periodic table for atomic size? 20. Rank from smallest to largest atomic size: Ni, Ge, Pd, Y, P, F, Ba, Ra, Cl. 21. Rank in order of increasing electron affinity: Mn, C, He, B, La, W, Ni 22. Which has the higher electron affinity, Co or At? 23. True or False: The periodic trend of atomic size is that it decreases as you go down because the number of energy levels decreases. __________ Fill in the blanks: 24. _________ ions are always smaller than the parent atoms and ________ ions are always larger. 25. Noble gases have a very_______ ionization energy. 26. Which takes precedence, period number or group number? 27. An atom of which element will have a highest energy electron with the following set of quantum numbers? (4. 1. -1. -1/2.) 28. Write the Electron configuration for a Cu atom using abbreviation. 29. Which elements have nothing but inner core electrons? 30. A main-group element with a (MS +1/2) quantum number would be located in a. group 2, 3, 4 or 5 b. group 1, 6, 7 or 8 c. group 2, 6, 7 or 8 d. group 1, 3, 4 or 5 31. What are the quantum numbers of the outer most electron of the most reactive metal? 32. How many electrons can fit on a d subshell? a. 10 b. 4 c. 6 d. 8 33. How many orbitals are there on a p subshell? a. 1 b. 3 c. 4 d. 5 34. How many electrons are there on an orbital? a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4 35. How many electrons are there in one Li molecule? a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4 36. What shape is an “s” subshell? a. square b. peanut c. dodecahedron d. sphere 37. What ion with a 2+ charge has the electron configuration 1s22s22p63s23p6? 38. Order the following (N, F, Rb, Cs) from smallest to largest atomic size: from least to greatest electron affinity: 39. Which element, when oxidized and dissolved in water, turns blue litmus red, K or Br? Why? 40. Which of the following tend to produce 2+ ions? Na, Ne, Mg, S, Zn, Y 41. Which has a greater atomic radius, O or O2-? Why? 42. Give the quantum numbers for a 4d4 electron. 43. What is the electron configuration of Chromium? A. 1s21p62s22p63s23p64s23d4 B. 1s22s22p63s23p64s13d5 C. 1s22s22p63s23p63d44s2 D. 1s22s22p63s23p63d54s1 44. If a wave has a frequency of 400.Hz, what is its’ wavelength in meters? 45. Match the electron configurations with the elements (not all choices will be used): 1. 1s22s22p4 ____A. Uranium 2. 1s22s22p63s23p64s13d10 ____B. Phosphorus 3. 1s22s22p63s23p1 ____C. Copper 4. 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p6 ____D. Zinc 2 2 6 1 5. 1s 2s 2p 3s ____E. Krypton 6. 1s22s22p63s23p3 ____F. Oxygen 46. Assume it takes 1.64x10^-18 J for an electron to jump from energy level (n) 1 to 2, 1.94x10^-18 J from 1 to 3, and 2.04x10^-18 J from 1 to 4. a. If an electron receives 1.93x10^-18 J, what energy level will it jump to? b. If the electron jumps back to the ground state, what is the wavelength of the photon of light emitted? 47. Draw the lewis dot diagram for Zinc. Answers (At. Structure & Periodicity) 1.speed of light divided by wavelength 2. hv 3. UV 4. 400-700nm 5. quantum levels 6. s, p, d, f 7. K, L, M, N 8. 6 9. +1/2, -1/2 10. 14 11. Metals, non-metals, metalloids 12. Families (alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, halogens, noble gasses) 13. Representative elements, transition metals, inner transition metals 14. s-elements, p-elements, d-elements 15. It decreases going down because added energy levels shield the power of the nuclear charge making it easier to remove most electrons. It increases going to the right because the increase in nuclear energy makes it more difficult to remove the outermost electrons. 16. 1st ionization energy is the energy needed to remove one electron. 2nd ionization energy is the energy needed to remove a second electron. 17. Ra, Pd, Se, F Ne. 18. 2nd ionization energy 19. Smaller up and right. Larger down and left. 20. F, Cl, P, Ge, Ni, Pd, Y, Ba, Ra. 21. La, W, Mn, Ni, B, C, He. 22. Co 23. F 24. positive ions are always smaller than the parent atoms and negative ions are always larger. 25. period number 26. high 27. Selenium 28. [Ar] 4s1 3d10 To complete its D shell it steals an electron from the S orbital 29. Noble gases 30.C) group 2, 6, 7 or 8 31. Francium (7. 0. 0. +1/2.) 32. a. 10 33. b. 3 34. b. 2 35. c. 3 36. d. circle 37. Ca 38. size: F, N, Rb, Cs electron affinity: Cs, Rb, N, F 39. Br, because acids turn blue litmus red, and nonmetals like Br tend to produce acids. 40. Mg, Zn 41. O2- will have a greater atomic radius, because the two extra electrons in O2- occupy outermost shells and increase electron repulsion, expanding the radius. 42. n=4, l=2, m=+1, s=-1/2 (or +1/2) 43. b. 1s22s22p63s23p64s13d5 44. 7.50x10^5 m 45. B-6, C-2, E-4, F-1 46. a. n=2 b. 2.424x10^-7 meters 47. :Zn Bonding KEY TERMS Single bond: a bond that consists of one electrons pair. Double bond: a covalent bond that consists of two bonding pairs: two atoms sharing four electrons in the form of one σ and one π bond. Triple bond: a covalent bond that consists of three bonding pairs: two atoms sharing six electrons in the form of one σ and two π bond. σ (sigma) bond: a type of covalent bond that arises through end-to-end orbital overlap and has the most of its electron density along the bond axis. π (pi) bond: a covalent bond formed by sidewats overlap of two atomic orbitals that has two regions of electron density, one above and one below the internuclear axis. cis isomer: an isomer in which two atoms or groups of atoms are on the same side of some reference line or plane in the molecule. trans isomer: an isomer in which two atoms or two groups of atoms are on the opposite sides of some reference line or plane in the molecule. Lewis structure: A structure consisting of electron-dot symbol, with lines as bonding pairs and dots as lone pairs. Octet rule: The observation that when atoms bond, they often lose, gain, or share electrons to attain a filled outer shell of eight electrons. Molecular shape: The three-dimensional structure defined by the relative positions of the atomic nuclei in a molecule. Tetrahedral: a molecular shape formed when four electron groups maximize their separation around a central atom. See-saw: a molecular shape caused by the presence of one equatorial lone pair in a trigonal bipyriamidal arrangement. Flat triangle: a molecular geometry with one atom at the center and three atoms at the corners of a triangle all in one plane. T-shape: A molecular shape caused by the presence of two equatorial lone pairs in a trigonal bipyramidal arraignment. Isomers: Compounds with the same molecular formula but different arraignments of atoms. Resonance form: One or two Lewis-dot structures that can be drawn for a molecule (with double or triple bonds). Bond angle: The angle between two lines drawn from the central atom of a molecule to two adjacent atoms bonded to the central atom. Dipole moment (μ): The product of partial charges on two atoms and the distance between the nuclei. Valence shell: the outermost shell of an atom, which contains the electrons most likely to account for the nature of any reactions involving the atom and of the bonding interactions it has with other atoms Hybrid orbitals: An atomic orbital postulated to form during bonding by mathematical mixing of specific combinations of non-equivalent orbitals in a given atom. Van der Waals forces: Intermolecular forces that include both dipole-dipole interaction and London forces. Hydrogen bonds: A type of dipole-dipole attraction that arises when between molecules that have an H atom bonded to a small and highly electronegative atom with lone pairs (usually F, O, N). VSEPR theory: A model explaining that the shapes of the molecules and ions result from minimizing electron-pair repulsions around the central atom. Lone pair: An electron pair that is part of an atom’s valence shell but not involved in covalent bonding. Bond energy: The enthalpy change accompanying the breakage of a given bond in a mole of gaseous molecules. IDEAS FROM UNIT chemical intermolecular/intramolecular bonding ionic bonding covalent bonding -non-polar -polar metallic bonding orbital hybridization orbital overlap orbital box diagrams VSEPR theory Lewis dot structures valence shells bond polarity molecular polarity molecular shapes isotopes atomic properties bond energy chemical change Hydrogen bonds Van der Waal’s forces SECTIONS TO REFER TO/DOCUMENTS Chapters 9-11 (pg. 329-488) VSEPR chart Types of Substances Bonding Questions: 1. What is the hybridization of a central atom of SeCl6? 2. What kinds of orbitals form sigma and pi bonds? 3. Which is stronger, a sigma or a pi bond, and why is that so? 4. Name exceptions to the octet rule. 5. How many sigma and pi bonds does a triple bond have? 6. For the compound C2Cl2H2: a. Make a Lewis dot structure of the non-polar isomer. b. Draw the other two isomers. c. Name the shape. d. Which of the isomers have possibility for cis-trans orientation? e. What is the orbital hybridization? f. Draw an orbital box diagram for the non- polar isomer. 7. What is the strongest type of bonding? Explain your answer. 8. What is the weakest type of bonding? Explain your answer. 9. What are the characteristics of covalent bonds? 10. When do hydrogen bonds form? 11. What does the term electrolyte mean? Name the electrolytes as liquids. 12. List the substances in order of increasing polarity: SO2 H2O C2H5OH CH4 13. Draw the shape of a 1. tetrahedral, 2. bent, 3. flat triangle molecule. 14. Match the molecule to the shape you drew above: CH4___________ H2O___________ BCl3___________ 15.Name the angle measures between the bonds from problem 13? 1. ________ 2. ________ 3. ________ 16. When do substances dissolve; in other words, what kinds of substances dissolve each other? 17. Name an element that cannot form a double bond and explain why this is so. Hydrogen (and Helium and all halogens) cannot form a double bond because it only has one free unpaired electron. 18. Draw a Lewis dot structure for PCl5 a. Sketch the shape. b. Name the shape. c. Are the bonds polar? d. Is the molecule polar? 19. What is the VSEPR theory? 20. Draw orbital box diagrams and Lewis dot structures for the following: a. OF2 b. PH3 c. HCN