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Chemical Messengers Neurotransmitters Hormones Neurohormones 1 Types of Neurotransmitters Acetylcholine Serotonin Norepinephrine Dopamine Endorphins GABA Glutamate 2 Acetylcholine Found in neuromuscular junction Involved in muscle movements 3 Alzheimer’s Disease Deterioration of memory, reasoning and language skills Symptoms may be due to loss of ACh neurons 6 Serotonin Involved in sleep Involved in depression Prozac works by keeping serotonin in the synapse longer, giving it more time to exert an effect 7 Norepinephrine Arousal “Fight or flight” response 8 Dopamine Involved in movement, attention and learning Dopamine imbalance also involved in schizophrenia Loss of dopamine- producing neurons is cause of Parkinson’s Disease 9 Parkinson’s Disease Results from loss of dopamine-producing neurons in the substantia nigra Symptoms include: difficulty starting and stopping voluntary movements tremors at rest stooped posture rigidity poor balance 10 Parkinson’s Disease Treatments: L-dopa transplants of fetal dopamineproducing substantia nigra cells adrenal gland transplants electrical stimulation of the thalamus to stop tremors 11 Endorphins Control pain and pleasure Released in response to pain Morphine and codeine work on endorphin receptors Involved in healing effects of acupuncture 12 Endorphins Runner’s high feeling of pleasure after a long run is due to heavy endorphin release 13 Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA) Main inhibitory neurotransmitter Benzodiazepines (which include tranquilizers such as Valium) and alcohol work on GABA receptor complexes 14 Huntington’s Disease Involves loss of neurons in striatum that utilize GABA Symptoms: jerky involuntary movements mental deterioration 15 Glutamate Major excitatory neurotransmitter Too much glutamate (and too little GABA) associated with epileptic seizures 16 Hormones Hormonal communication Chemical messengers secreted into bloodstream Endocrine cells Bloodstream Target cells 17 Hormones vs. Neurotransmitters Distance traveled between release and target sites hormones travel longer distances neurotransmitters - travel across a synaptic cleft (20 nm) Speed of communication hormones - slower communication neurotransmitters - rapid, specific action 18 Hormones Released by organs, including the stomach, intestines, kidneys and the brain Also released by a set of glands called the endocrine system 19 Endocrine System Consists of hormone-releasing glands Includes: hypothalamus pituitary gland adrenal glands thyroid gland parathyroid glands pineal gland pancreas ovaries and testes 20 Hypothalamus and Hormones Hypothalamus releases hormones or releasing factors which in turn cause pituitary gland to release its hormones 21 Pituitary Gland “Master endocrine gland” Produces hormones that control hormone production in other endocrine glands 22 Pituitary Gland Also produces growth hormones Too little pituitary activity produces dwarfism Too much leads to gigantism 23 Pituitary Gland Also involved in breastfeeding Produces prolactin stimulates milk production Produces oxytocin involved in milk release 24 Adrenal Glands Involved in stress response Hormones released include: epinephrine (a.k.a. adrenaline) norepinephrine (a.k.a. noradrenaline) Shadowy figure Brain interprets stimulus as fearsome. Hypothalamus secretes corticotropin-releasing factor into blood portal path to anterior pituitary. Anterior pituitary secretes corticotropin, carried by blood to the adrenal gland. Adrenal secretes cortisol and other hormones. The adrenal hormones act on various tissues to 25 enable adaptation to stress. Endocrine Glands Thyroid gland - metabolism Pineal gland - sleep and wakefulness Pancreas - regulates blood sugar level Ovaries and testes - secrete sex hormones such as testosterone and estrogen 26