Download TIME THE ELUSIVE FACTOR_A THREE DIMENSIONAL

TIME THE ELUSIVE FACTOR
A THREE DIMENSIONAL
TIME STRUCTURE
I challenge you to follow in the footsteps of the adventurer on unknown paths
and discovering a whole new trail in the landscape of physics.
“The most elementary particles of nature encased in scalar
coordinates of time.”
“ORTHOGONAL SCALAR TIME”
“For entangled pairs of particles, there is no such thing as an
arbitrarily large distance. With the speed of light, particles are
separated only by a Planck length IN TIME and the SPACE VOLUME,
is at its smallest reason why “communication” is (almost) immediate”.
It is a bold statement to say that there is a perfectly reasonable explanation
why entangled pairs of particles “so to speak” exchange information faster
than the speed of light, or that there is something like “scalar time
coordinates” and what is the meaning of “orthogonal scalar time”?.
To discover the reasoning behind this I invite the reader to follow my train of
thought.
It was from the beginning intended to keep it simple with a minimum of
variables, the clearer the message, the more people get a better picture of
the problem.
With only a single fixed given “the Planck length” and no other variables it
was possible to look at physics from a different angle and to add new
insights, and of course everything is not yet perfect, but like everything else,
this new thinking needs time to gain a foothold.
Those who have already read “TIME THE ELUSIVE FACTOR”, and “ON THE ORIGIN OF THE UNIVERS”
these pages are up to the core of the subject, but for clarities sake a number of explanatory comments
are added, you can skip it if you prefer, but as a reminder I strongly suggest to take a moment and read
it anyway.
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At the origin of the universe very basic building blocks, already
defined in the three-dimensional hexagonal quantum canvas, were
transformed into more complex
structures and the factor time played no
role in this process. The formation of the
universe was and still is an ongoing
process with faults and successes, which
eventually leads to the small and large
structures around and above us. There
was no need for a time factor in the
genesis of the cosmos until the first
lump of organic matter responded to its
surroundings.
The simplest organism(1) ever, a
biochemical structure, that drew its
energy from the watery environment in which it originated through
osmosis, developed over time a very rudimentary electromagnetic
radiation sensitive spot which could have been the precursor of a
nervous system that enabled these organisms, at a very basic level, to
be aware (2) of their surroundings.
It is unlikely that that sensitive spot already responded to the
wavelengths that we perceive, this probably shifted evolutionary.
To enable the interaction between the clear-cut outside world, and the
precursor of this nervous system, a suitable “sense organ” had to
develop in order to make it possible to translate the number of bits of
data derived from the electromagnetic field into manageable
information.
This very early underdeveloped nervous system was not yet able to
effect the correct sequence of these bits which would have resulted in
jerky impressions/movements, a succession of small, non- flowing
events with much background noise.
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The solution lay in the development of a kind of filter so that by
dividing the incoming data (colored dots in this example) with
extremely small spatial separations the input of that same data
became much more fluid.
The more spatial separation between the receiver and the incoming data
the farther away that data (was) is situated.
These elements, the possibility to translate a number of bits of data
derived from the electromagnetic field into manageable information(3)
and dividing these data with extremely small spatial separations, gave
birth to the concept of “depth” which made it possible to visualize the
world in three dimension.
Reduction of data input(4) and interference suppression made it
possible to detect and/or identify distinctive points or regions,
transforming images into point clouds.
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When at a certain point in evolution this basic life form(5) made its first
attempt to explore the environment, it was important to be able to
estimate how much effort (energy/force) it would take to go from
point A to point B and back .... each time distance was further
subdivided into smaller chunks which gave a more exact idea of the
distance to bridge. The more " chunks " the more accurate the
measurement, and ultimately these chunks were the forerunner of what
became finally known as .... TIME.
The origin of length and or distance and the concept of TIME which are
different expressions of the same event …. can be traced back to the
fact that those very basic calculations and/or measurements where an
elementary survival tool.
In other words, the two concepts (length and time) are inextricably
intertwined, it are identical variables where until now there was
believed that length was a fundamentally different dimension than
time.
But what do we truly mean by "measurement'? To not give some
superficial ostensibly "operational” definition that is embedded in tacit
in a more or less not coherent framework of merely assumptions, a
renewed approach.
Time is an evolutionary given and our brains cannot project a world in
3D without it. When I wrote that at a certain point in evolution basic
life forms made their first attempt to explore the environment and it was
important for them to estimate how far a potential food source was
situated to be able to grab it with a/its tentacle(s) or to suck it in, or even
how much effort it would take to go from point A to point B and back
…. the essence of the questions was already vaguely captured.
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That first organism only had two options either there was confirmation
or there was denial on its estimation that the spatial separation between
him and the “target” was or was not in accordance with its possibilities.
It was a Yes {1} or a No {0}, synapses fired or not and in response of
that signal it provoked an eventual reaction. In fact, it was the first
structured signaling device that emerged with a digital background and
in a way, it was the first vowel and consonant of a structural internal
language, working on “brain” level.
In a further phase of development that internal language was almost
certainly sophisticated with concepts such as IF (what to change),
THEN (to change into), OR ELSE (how to cause the change) …. In an
attempt to maintain or improve the ongoing process.
To externalize that internal language and to communicate on a very
basic level with a similar organism there must be means of signaling,
be it with a wobble of the body, the stretching and bending of a tentacle,
or …. and by repetition even indicate or suggest the source of the danger
or the distance to a potential food source.
Therefore, a number is the externalization of an internal brain process
converted in a movement and visually coordinated and processed by
that same brain …. a closed loop.
Measurement(6) or system of measure, has its roots in the externalization
of that internal language of the brain in an attempt to pin point a target
visually coordinated and processed by that same brain …. a closed loop.
In this respect, to express time we must in some way quantify it, number
is therefore essential.
Having established that time is evolutionary and has an arhythmical and
numerical structure, we can safely say that time is a scalar and not a
vector ……. a vector needs MAGNITUDE (2, 7, 35, etc.), a
DIRECTION (north, south, south-east, north west, etc.) and a
REVERSIBLE ORIENTATION (forward and backward), where time
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lacks those qualifications and only has magnitude and a non-reversible
orientation.
Having defined time as a scalar, it is important to find out how this fits
in a new structure of the universe.
Let’s start with the smallest possible length, the Planck length.
The Planck length is the length scale at which the structure of space
becomes dominated by quantum effects, and it is impossible to
determine the difference between two locations less than one Planck
length apart. In string theory, the Planck length is also in the order of
magnitude of the oscillating strings that form elementary particles, and
shorter length do not make physical sense.
The Planck length being the smallest possible length (lp = 1,616
199(97) × 10−35 m), makes the Planck area (lp2) the smallest possible,
or ….. ?
The diagonal of the surface of the Planck area is longer than one Planck
length but smaller than two Planck lengths, and since the Planck length
is the smallest meaningful length, fractions of a Planck length don't
have meaning, therefore the only logical option is that when the
diagonal (out of necessity) exactly equals the Planck length, is to
conclude that the Planck area, is a circle.
Strange things begin to occur in the world of quantum physics when
embroidering on the previous.
If cosmic strings and branes are the real underlying structures of the
universe, the first task is to determine their real quantum properties, and
then to try to deduce the underlying universal structures.
In theories of particle physics based on string theory, the characteristic
length scale of strings is typically in the order of the Planck length.
Strings are in the order of 10-33 cm long and are therefore a first
dimension equivalent.
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Neumann allowed the end point of a string free movement, Dirichlet
constrained its movement to one plane known as a D-brane or Dpbrane, where the “p” stands for the number of spatial dimensions. A
D0-brane is what we know as a point, a D1-brane has one dimension
and is thus a string–like object, a D2-brane a plane on which end points
of a string can be attached.
So the smallest D2-brane with Planck dimensions would be a circle, but
as argued before the Planck length is the smallest meaningful length,
fractions of a Planck length don't have meaning, so the circumference
of our D2-brane (a circle) is not a multiple of that Planck length what
makes that circle an impossibility, and the question arises if there is a
minimum 'true size' to that circle.
The solution lies in answering the question : “what mathematical figure
has a circumference of three times the diagonal of our circle?” (instead
of 3,14 times), the answer is a hexagon.
The smallest D2-brane is NOT a square or a circles but is in fact a two
dimensional hexagonal, a quantum of space, that is able to act as an
information carrier (0, 1).
In physics the definition of a closed string is a string that has no endpoints, and therefore is topologically equivalent to a circle, but as
proven a single string is unable to curl up and if that “closed string”
refers to a single string with the assumption that one of the vibrational
modes of a closed string can be identified as the graviton, there is a
problem. This also means that (single) as closed strings with a diagonal
smaller than the Planck length cannot exist, it makes the assumption
that 6 out of the 10 space-time dimensions in string theory are wrapped
up to a size of 10-35 m an impossibility.
Is building a universe with only strings the length of 10 -35 m even
possible?
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The first dimension in the quantum world are D1-branes.
Several D1-branes or strings in each other’s vicinity will always have
a tendency to stick together, and that can only be in the shape of a
hexagon, a D2-brane, it is their ultimate fate, there is no other option
possible.
The second dimension down in the quantum world is made up of D2branes (on which end points of a string can be attached), shaped as
hexagonal prisms with Planck length dimensions, matted together and
molded into a two-dimensional fabric, a flexible field.
“n” layers of this two-dimensional field, will transform into a 3D canvas
or matrix, the quantum dimension from which emerge all the
elementary particles.
The layers of the two-dimensional field putting together the threedimensional canvas are separated by strings. These strings, in the
inability to form additional hexagons because the available space is
already filled, are “open” strings with one or both endpoints on the
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surface of a D2-brane. They have no fixed point of attachment and
(may) slide over the surface(s) of the D2-brane(s).
Two hexagonal D2-branes inextricably bonded by one or more strings
is (are) in fact a D3-brane(s). The third dimension of the D3-brane is
not the height to indicate the third dimension in space, but rather the
stacking of n-layers of D2-branes separated by strings.
If the Planck length is in fact the smallest possible length(!), it implies
that it is impossible at that level to compress the quantum dimension
still further, so it is fair to say that the Planck length materialized in the
form of a string is a “force” sustaining the 3D canvas/matrix, it is a
strong force. Extending throughout the whole of space it prevents space
to implode, it acts as force field.
As strings want to contract to minimize their potential energy, the law
of conservation of energy prevents them from disappearing, and instead
they vibrate/oscillate which makes it possible for the flexible D2-brane
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field and in turn the 3D canvas/matrix to oscillate/vibrate. In other
words, branes, will never touch one another, it is an endless cycle of
near collision, rebound, stretching and near collision over again, waves
in an endless ocean .... in that capacity strings act as a weak force.
One can argue that our universe is build out of infinitely interconnected
tiny dots, almost like a viscous liquid.
A 3D environment that vibrates, can be twisted from the interior and
can be compressed towards its interior. It is therefore most likely that
this interaction of strings with the 2D-brane field and 3D-canvas/matrix
is the source of dark energy/the cosmological constant.
The potential energy due to the force of the oscillating strings that
attracts the branes to one another is transformed into kinetic energy
which is converted into matter.
How this works .... “Activated” by (a) vibrating string(s), a D3-brane
or space quantum transmits its energy to the next vibrating string(s),
which is (are) already vibrating on its (their) own, reinforcing the
energy level, to the next D3-brane along the path of least resistance,
determined by the origin of the force, its magnitude, and the state of
surrounding space.
Because string theories are by nature relativistic, adding energy to a
string is equivalent to adding mass, by Einstein’s relation E =mc2.
Oscillating/vibrating strings and D3-branes/space quanta therefore have
mass, reason why starting from the most fundamental state of matter
things/objects have mass. The source of the missing dark matter?
When energy is transferred from one space quantum to the next this
chain of space quanta vibrations/oscillation creates a traveling wave,
which is de facto a pilot wave. Traveling waves of space quanta (D3branes) vibrate/oscillate at specific frequencies which correlates with
their source and propagate steadily forward at the speed of light. When
two or more complementary traveling waves of (3D-branes) space
quanta interact, they form a standing wave.
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The result of this interaction is mass, a particle. (the wave particleduality: a particle is also a wave, and a wave is also a particle)
Mass is thus in essence vibrating/oscillating space quanta (D3-branes)
giving birth (among other particles) to each of the elementary particles,
six quarks and six leptons each with their own unique vibrational
signature. Destructive interference is the cause that not all standing
waves lead to the formation of a particle. Once a particle is created it
will always attempt to regain its original state, back to the matrix.
As the 3D-matrix is constantly vibrating and creating its own waves,
similar to the pilot waves of de Broglie-Bohm (which have no
geographical limits and might in principle span the entire universe) each
particle, which in itself is a wave form, is like a surfer on top of such a
pilot wave, it occupies a particular place at every specific moment in
time and its motion is dictated by the motion of that (spread-out) wave.
The wave itself is probabilistic, but the particle does take a real
trajectory from source to target.
Complex Quaternions and the Wave Structure of Matter in Space
Sir William Rowan Hamilton (1843) invented quaternions, a fourdimensional algebra that uses the property of imaginary numbers to
represent three orthogonal planes, which allows us to represent the
motion of real things in real three-dimensional space
Working with complex (transverse) plane waves in three-dimensional
space needs to add a second level of complex numbers to represent
these transverse oscillations of the plane waves. This is where the work
of Clifford (1878) is important as he developed quaternions into
complex quaternions that do exactly this.
When multiplying a quaternion by its complex conjugate we see how
all the complex orthogonal vectors cancel and leave us with just the
scalar terms in a 4D continuum (identical to the form of a sphere). All
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the vector transverse waves (waves on the complex orthogonal planes)
are canceling one another leaving just a spherical standing wave.
Q = t + ix + jy + kz
and the complex conjugate
Q*= t - ix - jy – kz
QQ* = t2 - tix - tjy - tkz + ixt - i2x2 - ixjy - ixkz + jyt - jyix - j2y2 - jykz
+ kzt - kzix - kzjy - k2z2 = t2 + x2 + y2 + z2
The metric dimensions replaced by scalar time
Q = T + itx + jty + ktz
and the complex conjugate
Q* = T – itx – jty - ktz
Q . Q* = (T)2 – Titx – Tjty – Tktz +Titx –i2(tx)2 – itxjty – itxktz + Tjty
– jtyitx – j2(ty)2 – jtyktz + Tktz – ktzitx – ktzjty – k2(tz)2
= (T)2 – i2(tx)2 – j2(ty)2 – k2(tz)2
= (T)2 – (-1)(tx)2 – (-1)(ty)2 – (-1)(tz)2
= (T)2 + (tx)2 + (ty)2 + (tz)2
Where (T) = (scalar) time (measurement) in space (not to be confused
with space-time) and (t) = scalar time measure
I retained the x,y,z notation to indicate the direction of the coordinates
Again all the transverse waves (waves on the complex orthogonal
planes) are canceling one another leaving just a spherical standing
wave, this time with only scalar time coordinates.
The most elementary particles of nature encased in scalar
coordinates of time.
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The double slit experiment
the double slit experiment showed that when light is shone at two slits
in a screen, a photon is able to pass through one of them as a particle
and both of them as a wave(??)
Quantum physics postulates that the reason for this is that a particle
lacks definite physical properties and is defined only by the
probabilities of it being in different states. You could say it exists in a
suspended state, a sort of super-animation until it is actually observed,
at which point, it takes on the form of either a particle or wave, while
still having the properties of both.
It is indeed true that a particle is composed of a wave packet, as argued
before, and when that particle (a photon or electron) is traveling through
the viscous 3D canvas (the matrix) it creates traveling waves in its
wake. The photon or electron will arrive at the grid still in the same
shape as when it was sent out to the grid (as a particle).
The photon or electron has two options, or it collides with the grid, or
it passes through one of the slits and when it does it will leave a mark
on the screen, although this remains unnoticed BECAUSE the
travelling waves (of space quanta) will also pass through the two slits
where they are split and emerge as (two) separate waves which will
interact and when the top of one wave meets the bottom of another
wave, nodes will be created which will translate themselves on the
screen ahead as dots and mingle with the dots made by the photon or
electron …. simple logic if you introduce an æther (the matrix) into the
equation.
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ORTHOGONAL SCALAR TIME
Switching to an orthogonal scalar time coordinate system, tx + ty + tz
will label a position where “T” is the scalar measurement of time and
“t” is a scalar measure of time in a sense that the time co-ordinate “T”
is also a scalar quantity just like the spatial co-ordinates are.
Let’s imagine these three spatial time coordinates (tx, ty and tz), and
AX indicating a displacement in time (T). After closing that
configuration a “volume” is obtained with AX as body diagonal.
X
A
And there it is ….
“A Three-Dimensional Time Structure” or SPACE VOLUME
The body diagonal AX stands for "T", scalar time (measurement). The
volume in which “T” is the body diagonal replaces the concept of
"space-time" by the more accurate denomination "SPACE VOLUME"
which has no concrete shape because depending on the force or
momentum exerted on an object, this new concept has a different
content.
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Objects create no specific space for themselves, they will only use a
certain SPACE VOLUME to go from point A to point X.
The greater a force exerted on an object, the faster it moves, the less
scalar time (T) to bridge (see red body diagonals below), the smaller
the SPACE VOLUME used.
Surface X2 bigger
3
Contents X times larger
Length X times greater
Due to the complementary nature of time and length it should be clear
that when a certain distance has been traveled at a certain speed, the
numeric value of that distance traveled (length) or the progress of
time will not change when that same distance is traveled at a higher
speed, it is the arithmetical value of the unit of measurement that
changes.
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Some explanation ……
The scalar time “T” (visualized in B) suggested by the body diagonal
on the left in the drawing is half the length of scalar time “T” on the
right, (visualized in A) due to a force twice as large exerted on a similar
object.
A
B
A and B represent the same distance or scalar time, and yet there is a
clear difference.
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There is uniform scaling(7) of the space volume as the scalar “T”
depicts simultaneously the time and length dimension, both
pointing in the same direction (see the drawing above).
Every time the progress of time and/or the speed and distance
traveled changes a new space volume opens up (scaled to its new
proportions) and gives the body diagonal the possibility to point in
another direction while maintaining its scalar identity.
Consequently when an particle (photon, electron,…) is moving at the
speed of light, it is obvious that the body diagonal of its SPACE
VOLUME will be reduced to the size of one Planck length, but as said
before, there is no smaller length than the Planck length, meaning that
the scalar measures tx, ty and tz of that space volume must measure one
Planck length … and after a bit of number crunching the problem with
the Planck square(s) appears again … the indivisibility of the smallest
length.
The only option that remains open is to conclude that at the speed of
light we arrive again at the very real foundations of space, the matrix
…. back to the beginning and anew we stumble on a limit where it is
impossible to travel faster than the speed of light.
The scaling factor for the scaling of a space volume when
particles/objects move at very high speed is now easy to determine.
At the speed of light the scale of the space volume gets the value ZERO
(0) this equals the Planck length, when the speed equals zero, the space
volume is at its maximum and gets the value HUNDRED (100) and is
equated to the size of the universe.
This format is chosen at random other possibilities are not excluded, but
in this context, it is valuable as a guideline … an example, but nothing
forbids to maintain this standard either.
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It would be extremely foolish to put this new insight into practice in
daily life, but in the case of very fast moving objects it will clarify some
issues were no conclusive answer has yet been found.
SPUKHAFTE FERNWIRKUNG ENDLICH GELÖST
“Measurements of physical properties such as position, momentum,
spin, and polarization, performed on entangled particles are found to be
appropriately correlated. For example, if a pair of particles are
generated in such a way that their total spin is known to be zero, and
one particle is found to have clockwise spin on a certain axis, the spin
of the other particle, measured on the same axis, will be found to be
counterclockwise, as to be expected due to their entanglement.
However, this behavior gives rise to paradoxical effects: any
measurement of a property of a particle can be seen as acting on that
particle (e.g., by collapsing a number of superposed states) and will
change the original quantum property by some unknown amount; and
in the case of entangled particles, such a measurement will be on the
entangled system as a whole. It thus appears that one particle of an
entangled pair "knows" what measurement has been performed on the
other, and with what outcome, even though there is no known means
for such information to be communicated between the particles, which
at the time of measurement may be separated by arbitrarily large
distances.”
Source : Wikipedia - Quantum Entanglement
For entangled pairs of particles, there is no such thing as an
arbitrarily large distance. With the speed of light, particles are
separated only by a Planck length IN TIME and the SPACE
VOLUME is at its smallest reason why “communication” is
(almost) immediate.
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THE MICHELSON-MORLEY EXPERIMENT(8) AND THE
LORENTZ TRANSFORMATIONS
The theory of special relativity started off with the experiment of
Michelson and Morley which led to the Lorentz transformations (length
contraction and time dilation) in order to sustain the outcome of their
experiment that the speed of light is independent of the motion of
the source.
However, when it is alleged that the speed of light is the ULTIMATE
speed, we stumble on the same problem as with the Planck length, the
inability to take the hurdle of the smallest length.
There is simply nothing that can move faster than the speed of light,
even when (for arguments sake) another photon is projected from an
already travelling photon, the speed of light will not be infringed.
Indeed, both photons will collide on the foundations of space, the
matrix …., a limit, the Planck length, reason why it is impossible to
travel faster than the speed of light.
The absolute minimum length, (the Planck length ) and the most
extreme speed limit, (the speed of light) congregate at the very
foundation of space ….. the matrix.
It is of the utmost importance to realize that there is ONLY uniform
scaling of the space volume and the body diagonal representing the
distance traveled (length) and the progress of time, moving objects
themselves undergo no length contraction and are not subject to
time dilation, they retain their original characteristics, reason why
there is no need for length contraction or time dilation(9) to sustain
a theory that had the outcome it deserved.
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THE WORLD OF PHOTONS AND ELECTROMAGNETIC
RADIATION
In our "slow" world photons span every second a distance of +/300,000 km. In comparison, in the "ultra-fast" world of photons, only a
Planck length of distance will be bridged.
In one year in our slow world, light travels a distance of
9.460.800.000.000 km but the photon in its ultra-fast world covers a
distance of only 31.536.000 Planck lengths(10).
The space volume and corresponding body diagonal of these
31,536,000 Planck lengths is obviously still very small.
As said before length and time are inextricably intertwined, identical
variables, but does that mean that at the basis of the universe, the matrix,
when the body diagonal of the space volume equals one Planck length,
time is at its minimum value?
The answer is yes, one Planck length is travelled at the speed of light in
one Planck time, and vice versa one Planck time equals one Planck
length, the body diagonal representing the distance traveled (length)
and the progress of time.
All this brings us to that final question : “can the slow world we
experience as real, give us the answers we need to discover
nature’s most precious secrets, or is it the ultra-fast world inhabited
by photons and electromagnetic radiation that will give us the key
to open its treasure house?” What secrets lay still hidden in the
pictures made by Hubble or by his successor the James Webb
Space Telescope seen through the eyes of the photon? Do we have
to throw a few things overboard, and put forward a few new ideas
instead? My answer you already know.
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EXPLANATORY COMMENTS
(1)
Such organisms are generally considered to have emerged
within flagellated eukaryotes followed by Ediacaran life, very,
very basic life forms with very, very limited capabilities, but
still just sufficient to survive and to procreate in the first
instance by splitting of cells that develop into mature
specimens.
(2)
awareness is that first sensory response that there is not only a
world on the inside but that something is going on, on the
outside as well …. Cold for instance causes the slowing down
of the biochemistry, warmth evaporates water stopping that
organism to function … with time evolution took its course
and a sensitive spot occurred ….
(3)
Sensation is the detection of external or internal stimulation,
for instance detecting electromagnetic waves … sound waves.
Sensing on the other hand is, the detection of a physical
presence and moving (motion) is a change in position.
Somewhere in time in attempting to explore the environment,
these abilities merged and are part of nature (detection,
evaluation, fight or flee …) … the ability to survive.
(4)
a contemporary example why reducing data input was, and still
is important :
Being aware of the surroundings is not just a passive
registration from the environment, but analyzing information
that is projected on the two-dimensional retina. More
specifically, in the sensory memory on the basis of the
impoverished retinal representation, a higher visual
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representation is determined by a number of intermediate
processes. Only a part of the incoming information is actually
used. The short-term memory, where information is stored
where we are at that time and are aware off is the MAP on
which we base our decisions. This short memory is limited in
capacity and only the elements where attention is paid to, can
be included in that short-term memory … REDUCED DATA
INPUT …. If not there would be an overload of information to
process
(5)
Basic life form, …. the first observer
Intelligent information processing must come into existence
on a planetary system in the universe, and once it comes into
evidence investigative observers will emerge, making
observations compatible with that conscious life that is
observing. This observer unaware of any biological
mechanism, perceives the reality as discrete spatial states
which the microtubules in his brains receive as unnoted
electrical impulses whereby a physical perception of motion
and change of the external world in a forward orientation is
accomplished.
(6)
Measurement : Physical units like mass and length are human
artifacts and are a way that we explain the world. We even
constructed apparatuses to measure these quantities and from
there emerged a number of mutually supportive units which
enabled us to describe the world. The pivot point is TIME,
because it lays the groundwork for the arithmetical numbers
and the way we use them to measure things.
(7)
Uniform scaling is a linear transformation that enlarges or
shrinks objects by a scale factor that is the same in all
directions. The result of uniform scaling is similar, in the
geometric sense, to the original.
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Non-uniform scaling is obtained when at least one of the
scaling factors is different from the others. It changes the shape
of the object, a square may change into a rectangle, or into a
parallelogram if the sides of the square are not parallel to the
scaling axes.
(8)
Michelson and Morley could never see or find the difference
they were seeking because of the principle of the Galilean
invariance.
Their experiment was set up in the same manner as two people
sitting in a bus that is in motion, throwing a ball to each other.
One cannot add the speed of the bus with the speed of the ball,
neither will the speed of the bus have any influence on the
speed or the trajectory of the ball …. the same for the beams
of light in the experiment, THE EARTH BEING THE BUS!!!
(9)
The Lorentz transformations :
Length contraction is the phenomenon of a decrease in length
of an object as measured by an observer who is traveling at any
non-zero velocity relative to the object usually only noticeable
at a substantial fraction of the speed of light
Time dilatation : A clock at rest with respect to one observer
may be measured to tick at a different rate when compared to
a second observer's clock. This effect arises neither from
technical aspects of the clocks nor from the propagation time
of signals, but from the nature of space-time.
(10) One year has 60 x 60 x 24 x 365 = 31,536,000 seconds, each
second corresponds with one Planck length distance travelled
by a photon.
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REFERENCES
1. ON THE ORIGIN OF THE UNIVERS
Publication date September 17, 2016 on ZENODO
2. WHY TIME IS AN EVOLUTIONARY GIVEN AND NOT
SOMETHING THAT SPROUTS OUT OF THE BIG BANG
Publication date July 10, 2016 on ZENODO
3. EVOLUTIONARY TIME part two INTRODUCING THE
FOURTH
ANTHROPICAL
PRINCIPLE,
PIAGETS
STRUCTURALISM AND THE ORIGIN OF NUMBERS
Publication date November 20, 2016 on ZENODO
Zenodo is a research data repository. It was created by OpenAIRE and CERN to provide a place
for researchers to deposit datasets.
Hoc est proprium intellectualis G. KINET. Cum in aliis disputationibus scriptorum citanda
vel ut. Viginti pages quattuor annexis
E-mail : [email protected]
One should not use this material for commercial purposes, but if this is the case, one
must first ask permission of the author.
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