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biomolecules Feb 16 17.notebook
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UNIT A: Cell Biology
Chapter 2: The Molecules of Cells: Sections 2.7, 2.8
Chapter 3: Cell Structure and Function
Chapter 4: DNA Structure and Gene Expression
Chapter 5: Metabolism: Energy and Enzymes
Chapter 6: Cellular Respiration
Chapter 7: Photosynthesis
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biomolecules Feb 16 17.notebook
UNIT A
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Chapter 2: The Molecules of Cells
Chapter 2: The Molecules of Cells
In this chapter, you will learn how basic chemistry is used in biology. What life processes might be affected by a problem with protein structure?
How are biological molecules involved in energy use in the body?
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Chapter 2: The Molecules of Cells
Section 2.7
2.7 Proteins
Proteins are composed of monomers of amino acids. Each amino acid contains a central carbon atom bonded to
an amino group
a carboxyl group a hydrogen
an R group that determines the type of amino acid it is
Figure 2.21 Representative amino acids.
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UNIT A
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Chapter 2: The Molecules of Cells
Section 2.7
Proteins
Proteins perform numerous functions. For example, They transport molecules across the plasma membrane
One category of proteins, called enzymes, catalyze cell reactions
They provide structural support (for example, keratin in nails and collagen in tendons and ligaments)
Some act as cell messengers, influencing metabolic activity
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Chapter 2: The Molecules of Cells
Section 2.7
Peptides
Polypeptides are polymers of amino acids joined by peptide bonds.
Peptide bonds are polar covalent bonds, allowing hydrogen bonding between amino acids. This influences the three­
dimensional shape of proteins.
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Figure 2.22 Synthesis and degradation of a dipeptide.
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UNIT A
February 20, 2017
Chapter 2: The Molecules of Cells
Section 2.7
Levels of Protein Organization
There can be up to four levels of structural organization in proteins.
Primary structure: amino acid sequence
Secondary structure: polypeptide orientation, such as alpha helix or beta pleated sheet
Tertiary structure: three­dimensional shape of a polypeptide chain (protein). This shape is held together by covalent, ionic, and hydrogen bonds between R groups on different amino acids (for example, disulfide linkage S−S between two cysteine amino acids) TO PREVIOUS SLIDE
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UNIT A
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Chapter 2: The Molecules of Cells
Section 2.7
Levels of Protein Organization
• Quaternary structure: three­dimensional arrangement of polypeptide chains for proteins with two or more chains
• The final shape of a protein is very important for its function. Proteins that become denatured undergo an irreversible change in shape. This causes them to no longer be active or to be only partially active.
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Chapter 2: The Molecules of Cells
Section 2.7
Figure 2.23 Levels of protein organization.
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Chapter 2: The Molecules of Cells
Section 2.7
Check Your Progress
1.
List some of the functions of proteins.
2.
Describe the structure of an amino acid.
3.
Compare and contrast the four levels of protein structure.
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Chapter 2: The Molecules of Cells
Section 2.7
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Chapter 2: The Molecules of Cells
Section 2.8
2.8 Nucleic Acids
The two types of nucleic acids are
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), which carries the genetic information of an organism
RNA (ribonucleic acid), which consists of different types of molecules such as mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA TO PREVIOUS SLIDE
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Chapter 2: The Molecules of Cells
Section 2.8
Structure of DNA and RNA
Nucleic acids are polymers of nucleotides, which contain a phosphate group, a pentose sugar, and a nitrogen­containing base. Figure 2.24 Structure of a nucleotide.
• Nucleotides in DNA contain the sugar deoxyribose and four different types of bases: adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), and cytosine (C).
• Nucleotides in RNA contain the sugar ribose and the same bases as DNA except uracil (U) replaces thymine.
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UNIT A
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Chapter 2: The Molecules of Cells
Section 2.8
Structure of DNA and RNA
Nucleotides form a linear molecule, called a strand. A strand has a backbone of alternating sugar and phosphate groups with bases projecting to one side.
DNA is double­stranded, with the strands twisted about each other in a double helix. The strands are held together by hydrogen bonding between bases (C to G and T to A)
RNA is single­stranded
Figure 2.25 Overview of DNA structure.
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Chapter 2: The Molecules of Cells
Section 2.8
Structure of DNA and RNA (Summary)
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Chapter 2: The Molecules of Cells
Section 2.8
ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)
ATP is a nucleotide that also acts as a source of energy for
Chemical work: ATP supplies energy for synthesis of macromolecules
Transport work: ATP supplies energy used to pump substances across the plasma membrane
Mechanical work: ATP supplies energy for processes such as muscle contraction and flagella movement
Figure 2.26 ATP TO PREVIOUS SLIDE
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Chapter 2: The Molecules of Cells
Section 2.8
The ATP Cycle
Energy is stored in the chemical bonds of the phosphates.
Energy is released when the bonds between phosphate groups are •
broken
Usually, the last phosphate is cleaved to form ADP + Pi, and energy is •
used for a reaction
ATP can be remade from ADP and Pi
•
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Figure 2.27 The ATP cycle.
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UNIT A
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Chapter 2: The Molecules of Cells
Section 2.8
Check Your Progress
1. Describe the structure of nucleic acids.
2. Describe how energy is stored in ATP.
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biomolecules Feb 16 17.notebook
UNIT A
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Chapter 2: The Molecules of Cells
Section 2.8
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