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Transcript
biomolecules Feb 16 17.notebook February 20, 2017 Sep 219:00 AM 1 biomolecules Feb 16 17.notebook February 20, 2017 UNIT A: Cell Biology Chapter 2: The Molecules of Cells: Sections 2.7, 2.8 Chapter 3: Cell Structure and Function Chapter 4: DNA Structure and Gene Expression Chapter 5: Metabolism: Energy and Enzymes Chapter 6: Cellular Respiration Chapter 7: Photosynthesis Sep 219:00 AM 2 biomolecules Feb 16 17.notebook February 20, 2017 Feb 148:50 AM 3 biomolecules Feb 16 17.notebook February 20, 2017 Feb 148:54 AM 4 biomolecules Feb 16 17.notebook UNIT A February 20, 2017 Chapter 2: The Molecules of Cells Chapter 2: The Molecules of Cells In this chapter, you will learn how basic chemistry is used in biology. What life processes might be affected by a problem with protein structure? How are biological molecules involved in energy use in the body? TO PREVIOUS SLIDE Sep 219:00 AM 5 biomolecules Feb 16 17.notebook UNIT A February 20, 2017 Chapter 2: The Molecules of Cells Section 2.7 2.7 Proteins Proteins are composed of monomers of amino acids. Each amino acid contains a central carbon atom bonded to an amino group a carboxyl group a hydrogen an R group that determines the type of amino acid it is Figure 2.21 Representative amino acids. TO PREVIOUS SLIDE Sep 219:00 AM 6 biomolecules Feb 16 17.notebook February 20, 2017 Feb 149:06 AM 7 biomolecules Feb 16 17.notebook February 20, 2017 Sep 219:03 AM 8 biomolecules Feb 16 17.notebook February 20, 2017 Feb 149:09 AM 9 biomolecules Feb 16 17.notebook February 20, 2017 Sep 219:07 AM 10 biomolecules Feb 16 17.notebook February 20, 2017 Feb 149:13 AM 11 biomolecules Feb 16 17.notebook February 20, 2017 Feb 149:19 AM 12 biomolecules Feb 16 17.notebook UNIT A February 20, 2017 Chapter 2: The Molecules of Cells Section 2.7 Proteins Proteins perform numerous functions. For example, They transport molecules across the plasma membrane One category of proteins, called enzymes, catalyze cell reactions They provide structural support (for example, keratin in nails and collagen in tendons and ligaments) Some act as cell messengers, influencing metabolic activity TO PREVIOUS SLIDE Sep 219:00 AM 13 biomolecules Feb 16 17.notebook UNIT A February 20, 2017 Chapter 2: The Molecules of Cells Section 2.7 Peptides Polypeptides are polymers of amino acids joined by peptide bonds. Peptide bonds are polar covalent bonds, allowing hydrogen bonding between amino acids. This influences the three dimensional shape of proteins. TO PREVIOUS SLIDE Figure 2.22 Synthesis and degradation of a dipeptide. Sep 219:00 AM 14 biomolecules Feb 16 17.notebook February 20, 2017 Sep 219:16 AM 15 biomolecules Feb 16 17.notebook February 20, 2017 Sep 219:19 AM 16 biomolecules Feb 16 17.notebook February 20, 2017 Sep 2110:21 AM 17 biomolecules Feb 16 17.notebook February 20, 2017 Sep 2110:20 AM 18 biomolecules Feb 16 17.notebook February 20, 2017 Sep 2110:25 AM 19 biomolecules Feb 16 17.notebook February 20, 2017 Sep 2110:29 AM 20 biomolecules Feb 16 17.notebook UNIT A February 20, 2017 Chapter 2: The Molecules of Cells Section 2.7 Levels of Protein Organization There can be up to four levels of structural organization in proteins. Primary structure: amino acid sequence Secondary structure: polypeptide orientation, such as alpha helix or beta pleated sheet Tertiary structure: threedimensional shape of a polypeptide chain (protein). This shape is held together by covalent, ionic, and hydrogen bonds between R groups on different amino acids (for example, disulfide linkage S−S between two cysteine amino acids) TO PREVIOUS SLIDE Sep 219:00 AM 21 biomolecules Feb 16 17.notebook February 20, 2017 Feb 149:35 AM 22 biomolecules Feb 16 17.notebook UNIT A February 20, 2017 Chapter 2: The Molecules of Cells Section 2.7 Levels of Protein Organization • Quaternary structure: threedimensional arrangement of polypeptide chains for proteins with two or more chains • The final shape of a protein is very important for its function. Proteins that become denatured undergo an irreversible change in shape. This causes them to no longer be active or to be only partially active. TO PREVIOUS SLIDE Sep 219:00 AM 23 biomolecules Feb 16 17.notebook UNIT A February 20, 2017 Chapter 2: The Molecules of Cells Section 2.7 Figure 2.23 Levels of protein organization. TO PREVIOUS SLIDE Sep 219:00 AM 24 biomolecules Feb 16 17.notebook February 20, 2017 Feb 149:38 AM 25 biomolecules Feb 16 17.notebook UNIT A February 20, 2017 Chapter 2: The Molecules of Cells Section 2.7 Check Your Progress 1. List some of the functions of proteins. 2. Describe the structure of an amino acid. 3. Compare and contrast the four levels of protein structure. TO PREVIOUS SLIDE Sep 219:00 AM 26 biomolecules Feb 16 17.notebook UNIT A February 20, 2017 Chapter 2: The Molecules of Cells Section 2.7 TO PREVIOUS SLIDE Sep 219:00 AM 27 biomolecules Feb 16 17.notebook UNIT A February 20, 2017 Chapter 2: The Molecules of Cells Section 2.8 2.8 Nucleic Acids The two types of nucleic acids are DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), which carries the genetic information of an organism RNA (ribonucleic acid), which consists of different types of molecules such as mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA TO PREVIOUS SLIDE Sep 219:00 AM 28 biomolecules Feb 16 17.notebook February 20, 2017 Sep 2110:39 AM 29 biomolecules Feb 16 17.notebook UNIT A February 20, 2017 Chapter 2: The Molecules of Cells Section 2.8 Structure of DNA and RNA Nucleic acids are polymers of nucleotides, which contain a phosphate group, a pentose sugar, and a nitrogencontaining base. Figure 2.24 Structure of a nucleotide. • Nucleotides in DNA contain the sugar deoxyribose and four different types of bases: adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), and cytosine (C). • Nucleotides in RNA contain the sugar ribose and the same bases as DNA except uracil (U) replaces thymine. TO PREVIOUS SLIDE Sep 219:00 AM 30 biomolecules Feb 16 17.notebook February 20, 2017 Sep 2110:40 AM 31 biomolecules Feb 16 17.notebook February 20, 2017 Sep 229:18 AM 32 biomolecules Feb 16 17.notebook February 20, 2017 Sep 2110:42 AM 33 biomolecules Feb 16 17.notebook UNIT A February 20, 2017 Chapter 2: The Molecules of Cells Section 2.8 Structure of DNA and RNA Nucleotides form a linear molecule, called a strand. A strand has a backbone of alternating sugar and phosphate groups with bases projecting to one side. DNA is doublestranded, with the strands twisted about each other in a double helix. The strands are held together by hydrogen bonding between bases (C to G and T to A) RNA is singlestranded Figure 2.25 Overview of DNA structure. Sep 219:00 AM 34 biomolecules Feb 16 17.notebook UNIT A February 20, 2017 Chapter 2: The Molecules of Cells Section 2.8 Structure of DNA and RNA (Summary) TO PREVIOUS SLIDE Sep 219:00 AM 35 biomolecules Feb 16 17.notebook UNIT A February 20, 2017 Chapter 2: The Molecules of Cells Section 2.8 ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) ATP is a nucleotide that also acts as a source of energy for Chemical work: ATP supplies energy for synthesis of macromolecules Transport work: ATP supplies energy used to pump substances across the plasma membrane Mechanical work: ATP supplies energy for processes such as muscle contraction and flagella movement Figure 2.26 ATP TO PREVIOUS SLIDE Sep 219:00 AM 36 biomolecules Feb 16 17.notebook UNIT A February 20, 2017 Chapter 2: The Molecules of Cells Section 2.8 The ATP Cycle Energy is stored in the chemical bonds of the phosphates. Energy is released when the bonds between phosphate groups are • broken Usually, the last phosphate is cleaved to form ADP + Pi, and energy is • used for a reaction ATP can be remade from ADP and Pi • TO PREVIOUS SLIDE Figure 2.27 The ATP cycle. Sep 219:00 AM 37 biomolecules Feb 16 17.notebook UNIT A February 20, 2017 Chapter 2: The Molecules of Cells Section 2.8 Check Your Progress 1. Describe the structure of nucleic acids. 2. Describe how energy is stored in ATP. TO PREVIOUS SLIDE Sep 219:00 AM 38 biomolecules Feb 16 17.notebook UNIT A February 20, 2017 Chapter 2: The Molecules of Cells Section 2.8 TO PREVIOUS SLIDE Sep 219:00 AM 39 biomolecules Feb 16 17.notebook February 20, 2017 Sep 229:46 AM 40