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• Any living thing is an organism. 2. 3. 4. 5. The The The The ability ability ability ability to to to to (If it does not have all of the above than it is not considered living.) • List five necessities (things you cannot live without) Share your list with the person next to you. Between the two of you decide which five from your list are the most important. Yours might be… • Cell phone • Friends • Family • Clothes • Food?? For all Living Things … Example - Your home: • Food & Water = Kitchen • Shelter = Roof & Walls • Light = Sun & Electricity • Oxygen= Air & Air Vents Why do different organisms live in different habitats? Organisms live in different habitats because they have different requirements for survival. Biotic vs. Abiotic Factors Abiotic Biotic All of the living things in an ecosystem All of the nonliving things in an ecosystem. Example – plants, animals, bacteria Example – dirt, sun, wind, snow, water, etc. Food, shelter, water, sunlight, and oxygen. Any living thing is an organism. • Biotic and abiotic factors go together. • Organisms interact with abiotic factors to survive. • First, identify the type of factor by writing its name under the label abiotic or biotic. • Write a short description explaining how four of the factors interact with one another on the lines below. 1. Nocturnal thing thing 2. Living thing 3. Non-living 4. Organism Types of ecosystems that are similar across the planet. • Tropical Rainforest • Temperate Rainforest •Warm all year •Cool winter •Rain all year (200-450cm) •Warm summer • Organisms: •Rain all year (75-150cm) Orangutans, Chimps, • Organisms : deer, Toucans foxes Desert Tundra • Usually hot with daily • Cold all year extremes • Dry all year (less than 25cm) • Temp. drops more than • Permafrost – frozen ground 20 degrees at night • Organisms: mosses, polar • Dry all year (less than 25cm) • Organisms: Coyotes, cacti, bats bears Deciduous • Warm Summers; cool winters • Moderate rainfall (30 – 60cm) • Leaves change color • Organisms: red fox, squirrels, raccoons Taiga (Boreal) • Warm to cool • Cold in winter • Abundant rain and snow (30 – 60cm) • Organisms: lynx, coniferous trees • Temperatures vary throughout the year •Mostly dry with a wet season (50 – 90 cm) •Organisms: quail, pica, bison, foxes •Rivers, streams, lakes, • ponds •Estuaries = where rivers • meet oceans • Freshwater and salt water mix (Marshes and wetlands) Costal ocean, open ocean, deep oceans Beaches are included •Tide pools Organisms depend on which part of ocean they live How energy travels • passed from one organism to another by eating •lost by heat •enters by sunlight (photosynthesis) •Three roles: Producer, Consumer, Decomposer • Make their own food by photosynthesis •Plants, algae, bacteria • CO2 + H2O + SUNLIGHT = O2 + SUGARS Obtain energy from eating others • Three types: •Herbivores – eat plants only •Carnivores – eat only animals • Scavengers – carnivores that eat dead animals others kill •Omnivores – eat both plants and animals • Break down wastes and dead organisms • Includes: mushrooms, some bacteria, maggots • Always starts with the sun • Then a producer (plant) • Then a herbivore (1st consumer) • Next, a carnivore (2nd consumer) • Each level gets 10% of energy remaining Producers Consumers Decomposer • Use the list of organisms given to you • Organize them into a food web • Draw a sketch of each organism and color the sketches • Use arrows to show energy transfer • Indicate which organisms are producers, consumers, or decomposers •Also, label consumers as herbivores, carnivores, or omnivores Requirements Title Energy Arrows (show transfer correctly) Energy Role Labels (producers, consumers, decomposers) Consumer Labels (herbivores, carnivores, scavengers, omnivores) Illustrations Key (easy to read) Color/Neatness Excellent (5) Present (3) None (0) •What is the original source of energy in most ecosystems? •The sun (sunlight). A few exceptions are the bottom of the oceans and caves. Sorting out life • • • • Organism – Any living thing. Individual – One single organism. Species – One kind of organism. Population – All the individuals of one kind in one area. • Community – All the interacting species in one area. • Ecosystem – Abiotic and biotic factors living in one area. • Biotic - living Abiotic - Non-living You will now work with your table in groups of three to sort the cards given to you into categories. (create stacks using the labels in the bag.) How organisms interact using adaptations. 1) Competition – fighting for resources 2) Predation- hunting for food 3) Symbiosis – close beneficial connection Competition •Adaptations = result • developing “specialized” structures or conditions that aide in survival • Reduce competition • allowing for more variation Predation • Predator – adapts to help catch prey • Prey – adapts to blend in or scare predators away Niche – the role an organism plays EX. Sea turtle in ocean as prey 1) False coloring – has similar colors to another organism 2) Mimicry – looks like another organism 3) Camouflage – blends in with surroundings 1) Warning colors – bright colors to scare 2) Protective Coverings – a shell protects • Behavioral Adaptations = when organisms change their behavior • Ex. Meerkats have sentries to warn of predators nearby. Remember: adaptations help an organism obtain the five necessities for life. Deep Ocean • Sea spider • Featherlike legs keep from sinking and trap food • Sawtooth eel • Hangs upright to sneak up on prey • Dumbo octopus • Flaps fins to move preserving energy • Vampire squid • Confuses predators with bioluminescent bacteria lights Tundra • Polar bear • Paw width helps to swim • Claws obtain food/protection • Teeth protect • Cunning/strength protect and get food • Walrus • • • • Tusks protect Thick hide protection Herd together protection Powerful muscles • Mutualism – both organisms benefit •Ex. Bee and flowers • Commensalism – one organism benefits, the other is unharmed •Ex. Sharks and rays • Parasitism – One organism benefits, the other is harmed •Ex. Tick (parasite), dog (host) Commensalism • • Slime mold •Helps to remove dead and decaying organisms does not harm Parasitism Mutualism Ants/fungi •Pitcher •Kills ants feeds plant/red crab spider the fungi • Plant traps •Keeps insect prey with populations waxy sides under control and water (limiting factor) • Spider shares prey with plant Clownfish - Anemone Commensalism – the clownfish gets shelter, the anemone is not harmed or helped. Human introduced nonnative species that have taken over • Species introduced by humans to an area that they don’t belong in • Example – Kudzu plant – US (southern states) • Origin – Japan – transported with plants • Ruin composition of soil preventing forest regrowth •News clip • What is an invasive species? • Why are invasive species a problem? • What can we do to protect our environment from future invasive species? Pets released How ecosystems change over time. You and your team will attempt to complete a puzzle inside the space designated as fast as possible. •You must stay inside the space. • You must avoid touching others • You must be a good sport Be ready to discuss the results with the class. • Births • Deaths •Immigration – Moving into an area •Emigration- moving out of an area emigrate immigrate Limiting Factors – anything that prevents a population from getting too large Abiotic Biotic • water • food • competition • weather • disease • space • natural disaster Carrying Capacity - The largest amount of a population that an environment can support. http://www.census.gov/popclock/ • Without limiting factors, populations can grow to numerous amounts. They can get so big that their habitats will no longer be able to support their numbers.