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CP PSYCHOLOGY
CHAPTER 2
Learning Theories
Section 2Q1
Glencoe Publishers
Learning Theory (2Q1)
 Learning
 relatively
permanent
change in an
organism’s
behavior due
to experience
Classical Conditioning (2Q1)
Ivan Pavlov
1849-1936
Russian physician/
neurophysiologist
Nobel Prize in 1904
studied digestive
secretions
Classical Conditioning (2Q1)
Classical Conditioning (Pavlovian)
an old response becomes attached to a new stimulus
organism comes to associate two stimuli together
a neutral stimulus (NS) (unlearned) that signals an
unconditioned response (UCR) which then begins to
produce a response that anticipates and prepares for
the unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
 Pavlov Rang a tuning fork (neutral stimulus) as meat
powder placed on dog’s tongue
Dog salivated even if no food was given with sound




Classical Conditioning (2Q1)
Classical Conditioning (2Q1)
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS):
event that leads to a predictable
response without training
Unconditioned Response (UCR):
reaction that occurs automatically to
Unconditioned Stimulus
Conditioned Stimulus (CS): neutral
event that with training leads to a
learned response
Conditioned Response (CR): this is
a learned response to a stimulus
UCS
(passionate
UCR
kiss)
(sexual
arousal)
CS
(onion
breath) UCS
(passionate
UCR
Kiss)
(sexual
CS
arousal)
(onion
breath) CR
(sexual
arousal)
Classical Conditioning (2Q1)
Generalization: responding to a stimulus similar to the
original one without training
Drops of saliva 60
in 30 seconds
50
40
Strongest responses
come from areas
stimulated nearest the
thigh
30
20
10
0
Pelvis Shoulder Front
Hind
paw
paw
Thigh
Trunk
Foreleg
Part of body stimulated
Classical Conditioning (2Q1)
Discrimination: is responding differently to different, but
similar, stimuli
Generalization and Discrimination are “adaptive”
and may aid in survival
Practical Human Application: Problem of Bedwetting
Classical Conditioning (2Q1)
Extinction: is when a conditioned response dies out if not
regularly linked to the unconditioned stimulus
Strength
of CR
Acquisition
(CS+UCS)
Extinction
(CS alone)
Spontaneous
recovery of
CR
Extinction
(CS alone)
Pause
Classical Conditioning (2Q1)
“Little Albert” Classical Conditioning: J. B. Watson and Raynor
CP PSYCHOLOGY
CHAPTER 2
Learning Theories
Section 2Q2
Richard Martel, NHS
Glencoe Publishers
Operant Conditioning (2Q2)
Operant Conditioning:
learning from the
consequences of behavior
(operates on the environment)
BF Skinner is most closely
associated with this system of
rewards and punishments
Operant Conditioning (2Q2)
Reinforcement: an event or
stimulus that increases the
chance a recent behavior will
be repeated
Schedules of Reinforcement:
The timing and frequency of
reinforcement
Continuous Schedule:
reinforces every time the
desired behavior occurs
Skinner Box
Operant Conditioning (2Q2)
Partial Schedule: reinforcing behavior intermittently to
make it more predictable and last longer
Four Basic Partial Schedules: Two based on time
intervals, two based on number of responses
- Fixed-Ratio Schedule: reinforcement depends on a
fixed quantity of responses
- Variable-Ratio Schedule: number of responses
required varies from one time to the next
- Fixed-Interval Schedule: reinforces the first
response after a fixed time has elapsed
- Variable-Interval Schedule: the time at which
reinforcement becomes available changes
Operant Conditioning (2Q2)
Effects of Different Reinforcement Schedules
- Fixed-Ratio: Organism responds at high steady rate …
Ex. Piecework type jobs
- Variable-Ratio: Organism responds at very high rate.
Hard to extinguish. Ex. Gamblers in Casino
- Fixed-Interval: Slow, steady responding … gets faster
near reinforcement time. Ex. Schoolwork
- Variable-Interval: Slowest but steady responding …
doesn’t vary much over time. Ex. E-mail
Operant Conditioning (2Q2)
Number of
responses
1000
Fixed Ratio
Variable Ratio
Fixed Interval
750
Rapid responding
near time for
reinforcement
500
Variable Interval
250
Steady responding
0
10
20
30
40
50
Time (minutes)
60
70
80
Operant Conditioning (2Q2)
• Primary Reinforcer: satisfies a basic, natural need, such
as hunger, thirst etc.
• Secondary Reinforcer: a conditioned reinforcer that
was previously a neutral stimulus
• Stimuli associated with rewards or punishments often
become signals for particular behavior
Operant Conditioning (2Q2)
•Aversive Control: unpleasant events or
consequences are used to influence behavior
•Negative Reinforcement:
Painful/unpleasant stimulus is removed or
not applied in order to elicit behavior
•Escape Conditioning: Correct behavior
causes an unpleasant event to stop
•Avoidance Conditioning: Correct
behavior prevents unpleasant stimulus
from being applied
Operant Conditioning (2Q2)
Operant Conditioning (2Q2)
Punishment: Unpleasant
consequence is applied in
order to decrease or
eliminate undesired
behavior
•Punishment can produce
unwanted side effects
such as rage, aggression
and fear.
Operant Conditioning (2Q2)
CP PSYCHOLOGY
CHAPTER 2
Learning Theories
Section 2Q3
Richard Martel, NHS
Glencoe Publishers
Factors that Impact Learning
(2Q3)
Feedback: Finding out the results of an action or
performance
Transfer: Previously learned responses that affect ability to
learn a new response or skill
Positive Transfer: When previously learned responses
helps you learn a new task
Negative Transfer: When a previously learned response
hinders learning a new task
Practice: the repetition of a task, helps bind responses
together over time
Factors that Impact Learning
(2Q3)
Learning Strategies (2Q3)
•Learning to learn (problem solve) is
often more important than what
you’ve learned
•Learned Helplessness: Results from
repeated failures causing a person to
give up on life or trying hard
•Learned Laziness: Results from
repeatedly being rewarded without
effort (welfare critics)
Learning Strategies (2Q3)
Learning Complicated Skills
• Shaping: using reinforcement to mold
new responses out of an old response
•Reward responses that closely &
successively approximates desired new
responses
• Response Chains: Responses that
follow one another in a specific sequence
Modeling (2Q3)
Modeling: learning by imitating others in one of
three ways
1. Behavior of others increases chance we will do the
same thing (clapping)
2. Observational learning, or imitation, results from
copying behaviors we observe
3. Disinhibition results from seeing others engage in
threatening behaviors without harm
Observational Learning (2Q3)

Alfred Bandura

Pioneering researcher of
observational learning
Experiment with Bobo
doll; brought out
aggression in
childrenModeling


we look and we learn
Observational Learning (2Q3)
 Antisocial Behavior
 family, neighborhood,
TV, cultural models may
have antisocial effects
on a child
 Prosocial Behavior
 positive, constructive,
helpful behavior may
also be modeled
This 14-month-old boy is
imitating behavior he
has seen on TV