Download AP Biology PDQ`s

AP Biology PDQ’s
Part 1- Cellular Energetics (chapter 6-page 107: parts 1-3)
1. State the first law of thermodynamics and explain how living systems comply
with this law. Provide one real-life example to support your explanation.
2. State the second law of thermodynamics and explain how living systems
comply with this law. Provide one real-life example to support your
explanation.
3. How is the maintenance of a highly ordered living system possible, given the
tendency of the Universe to tend toward increasing disorder? Provide an
explanation for the order of an organism, AND an explanation for the order of
successive generations of organisms.
4. Is a living system ever in equilibrium with its surroundings? Explain why or
why not, and when equilibrium occurs (if ever).
5. Explain the energetic advantage of coupling exergonic reactions to endergonic
reactions. Which reaction must be greater in terms of energetic magnitude?
6. Organisms are endergonic systems. What are the exergonic reactions that
provide living systems with energy (give two examples).
7. The relationships between the following pairs of words:
a) Anabolic and Catabolic
b) Exergonic and Endergonic
c) Energy and Free Energy
d) Open and closed system
8. What is the energetic relationship between an organism and its
surroundings?
9. Why do organisms need to release energy in a series of controlled steps?
10. Draw and label the structure of an ATP molecule.
11. Explain how an ATP molecule is converted into an ADP molecule, and how
that process produces energy.
12. Why can’t we consume ATP directly?
13. Why do living systems need to take in more energy than they put out into the
environment?
Part 2- Metabolic Processes (chapter 6)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Explain the major differences between ectothermic and endothermic animals.
What are the sources of heat in an organism?
How is heat exchange controlled between an organism and its environment?
Compare how metabolism is measured in ectotherms and endotherms.
Why do smaller endotherms require more energy per unit of mass than larger
endotherms?
6. Compare the advantages and disadvantages of endotherms and ectotherms.
7. How do energetic considerations affect life history strategies (e.g.
reproduction)?
8. How do energetic considerations affect the structure of populations?
Communities? Ecosystems?
Part 3- enzymes (chapter 6)
1. How do enzymes catalyze chemical reactions (don’t just say “they lower the
activation energy”, give me specific mechanisms).
2. Explain the significance of reaction coupling in living systems. How is it
used, and what does it allow living systems to do that they would not be able
to do otherwise?
3. Why does the activation energy of many reactions in living systems need to
be reduced for living systems to function?
4. Compare the “lock-and-key” model of enzyme function with the “induced fit”
model of enzyme function.
5. Explain how each of the following affect enzyme structure and function:
a) Substrate concentration
b) Temperature
c) pH
d) salt concentration
e) cofactors and coenzymes
6. Explain the difference between a competitive inhibitor and a non-competitive
inhibitor.
7. How is feedback regulation of enzyme reaction related to allosteric regulation
of enzyme function?
8. Why enzymes are classified as catalysts?
9. Provide specific examples of enzymes used in all major metabolic pathways in
living systems, and the reactions that they catalyze.
Part 4- photoautotrophic nutrition / photosynthesis (chapter
8-page 147)
1. Explain the relationship between the light reactions and the Calvin cycle in
photoautotrophs.
2. What is the function of the Magnesium atom in a chlorophyll molecule?
3. Where do replacement electrons come from in photosystem II?
4. Diagram the flow of an electron from photosystem II to eventually winding
up in a molecule of NADPH.
5. Explain how ATP is produced in photosynthesis.
6. Why are plants green in color?
7. Compare and contrast cyclic and non-cyclic photophosphorylation. Include
the products of each and the fates of those products.
8. Why is water necessary for photosynthesis?
9. Why is oxygen produced during the light reactions?
10. What happens during the Calvin cycle? How does the Calvin cycle depend on
the Light reactions?
11. Explain the function of Ribulose BisPhosphate Carboxylase (aka Rubisco) in
the Calvin Cycle.
12. What is G3P?
13. Looking at the net equation for photosynthesis of one molecule of glucose,
what molecules are oxidized, and what molecules are reduced?
14. Why do plants need to control the loss of water? How is this done?
15. Explain the phenomenon of photorespiration, why it is thought to occur
(evolutionarily speaking), and why plants have evolved to minimize its
occurrence.
16. Why are C4 and CAM plants typically found in hot climates?
17. The starting materials, end products and eventual fates of all of the
molecules used and produced in the Calvin cycle of photosynthesis.
18. The adaptations of C4 and CAM plant photosynthesis and how each is able to
minimize photorespiration.
Part 5- Cellular respiration (chapter 7- page 123)
1. What is the relationship between photosynthesis and aerobic cellular
respiration?
2. In cellular respiration, what is oxidized and what is reduced?
3. What is the role of electron carrier molecules in energy processing systems?
Why are they necessary?
4. Is glucose the only molecule that can be catabolized during cellular
respiration? Why do we use glucose as the model?
5. Why do hydrogen atoms accompany electrons as they are transferred in
biological systems?
6. Why is it thought that glycolysis is the first catabolic pathway to have
evolved in the metabolism of all cellular systems?
7. Can a cell produce enough ATP to persist by using glycolysis alone? Why or
why not?
8. Why do anaerobic cellular systems use fermentation? What would happen if
they didn’t?
9. Why do mammalian muscle cells perform lactic acid fermentation (instead of,
say, ethanol fermentation)?
10. The energy processing strategies of each of the following modes of nutrition,
and example organisms that engage in each mode:
a) Heterotrophs
b) Photosynthetic Autotrophs
c) Chemosynthetic Autotrophs
11. Why food molecules need to be broken down into smaller molecules for energy
to be harvested from them.
12. The molecule that is oxidized and the molecule that is reduced in any
REDOX reaction.
13. The starting materials, end products and eventual fates of all of the
molecules used and produced in glycolysis, lactic acid fermentation and
ethanol fermentation.
14. Why are pyruvate converted into acetyl-coA prior to entering the Kreb’s
cycle? What does this conversion do to the pyruvate molecules?
15. Oxygen is not used in the Kreb’s cycle, so why must the Kreb’s cycle occur in
aerobic cellular respiration?
16. Where in the mitochondria does oxidative phosphorylation occur? Why does
it occur there?
17. What products of the prior phases of cellular respiration are used in the
electron transport chain? How are they used?
18. Diagram the movement of an electron through the electron transport chain in
a mitochondrion. Include its source, destination, and all products made
directly and indirectly.
19. Compare and contrast the processes of chemiosmosis in aerobic cellular
respiration and photosynthesis.
20. How much more energy is produced by aerobic cellular respiration than by
anaerobic cellular respiration?
21. Estimate the efficiency of aerobic cellular respiration of a molecule of glucose:
a) Energy of formation of ATP from ADP: ~ + 57 KJ/Mol
b) Energy of combustion of glucose: ~ - 2805 KJ/Mol
22. Compare and contrast the metabolism of glucose with the metabolism of
complex carbohydrates, Proteins & Fats. Explain where each molecule (or
component of the molecule) enters the aerobic cellular respiration pathway,
and order each in terms of the amount of energy they produce for the cell.
23. Explain the effect of each of the following substances on phophofructokinase,
and the overall effect they have on cellular respiration, and the system logic
of each effect:
a) AMP
b) Citrate
c) ATP
24. What are the starting materials, end products, and eventual fates of all of the
molecules used and produced in the acetyl-coA cycle, the Kreb’s cycle, and
oxidative phosphorylation.
25. Explain the relationship between the evolution of photosynthesis, the
evolution of oxidative phosphorylation, and the evolution of multi-cellular
life.
26. What is meant by the meaning of the term “proton-motive force?”
27. Describe the relationship between the catabolic pathways of cellular
respiration and the anabolic pathways of biosynthesis.