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band of the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram depicting such stars. (p. 626) mantle convection A process by which heat from Earth’s inner and outer cores is transferred through the mantle. (p. 180) mantle The thickest of Earth’s layers, located between the outer core and Earth’s crust, composed mostly of compounds rich in iron, silicon, and magnesium. (p. 72) map A flat, two-dimensional representation of Earth’s surface and features. (p. 44) Glossary Glossary map scale On a map, the comparison of distance units used with actual distances on Earth’s surface; may be expressed as a ratio, a fraction, or in a scale bar. (p. 46) maria Extensive dark areas on the moon that represent great basins and level plains. (p. 558) mascons Areas of higher gravity that exist over lunar maria; short for “mass concentrations.” (p. 558) mass movement The downslope transportation of large masses of earth materials by gravity. (p. 268) mass number The sum of the numbers of protons and neutrons in an atom. (p. 92) matter Anything that has mass and volume. meanders Broad, looping bends in a river. (p. 290) mechanical weathering The breakdown of rock that takes place when a rock is broken into smaller pieces of the same material without changing its composition. (p. 258) meridian An imaginary half-circle that runs in a north-south direction from the North Pole to the South Pole; a longitude line. mesosphere The layer of the Earth’s atmosphere that extends from the stratosphere to the thermosphere, characterized by decreasing temperatures. (p. 371) metal An element that loses electrons easily to form positive ions. (p. 94) metamorphic rock Rock that has undergone chemical or structural change due to the effects of heat and pressure; one of three types of rock in the rock cycle. (p. 118) metamorphism The process by which a rock’s structure or composition is changed by pressure, heat, and moisture. (p. 133) meteor The light made by a meteoroid as it passes through Earth’s atmosphere. (p. 604) meteor shower A large number of meteors entering and burning up in the atmosphere; meteor showers take place when Earth passes through a debris field. (p. 604) meteorite The part of a large meteoroid that survives its trip through the atmosphere and strikes Earth’s surface. (p. 604) meteoroid A rocky or icy fragment that travels through space. (p. 556) meteorology The study of processes that govern Earth’s atmosphere. (p. 436) mica Soft silicate minerals with flat, shiny flakes that are found in many rocks, including granite and gneiss. micrometeoroids Tiny rock fragments no larger than sand grains that travel through space. (p. 557) middle latitudes The area between about 30 degrees and 60 degrees latitude, where surface winds are determined by the locations of transient high- and low-pressure systems. (p. 424) mid-ocean ridge A long chain of mountains with a central rift valley that is located along a divergent boundary on the ocean floor. (p. 174) millibar A unit used to measure air pressure; 34 millibars equals 1 inch of mercury. mineral A naturally occurring inorganic solid with a distinct chemical composition and crystalline structure. (p. 96) mineral deposit A deposit that is left behind when groundwater that contains minerals cools or evaporates. (p. 309) mineralogy The study of minerals and their properties. (p. 104) mixed layer The surface layer of ocean water. (p. 497) model A simplified representation of an object, process, or phenomenon, used as the basis for further study or investigation. (p. 5) Mohorovičić discontinuity (Moho) The boundary between Earth’s crust and mantle. moist-adiabatic lapse rate The rate at which saturated air cools as it rises; varies from about 5°C per kilometer to about 9°C per kilometer. (p. 398) 751