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Transcript
ANSWER KEY FOR PROBLEM SET #2 1. Genotype: The actual genetic makeup of the cells of an individual with respect to a given trait. Phenotype: The observable properties of an organism with regard to a specific trait. 2a. 9/16 F-P-, 3/16 F-pp, 3/16 ffP-, 1/16 ffpp 2b. 1/4 BbTt, 1/4 Bbtt, 1/4 bbTt, 1/4 bbtt 3a. 2x2x2x2=16 3b. 1x2x1x2=4 3c. 2x3x2x4=48 3d. 2x2x1x3=12 3e. 1/2 x 1/4 x 1/2 x 1/4 = 1/64 3f. 1/2 x 3/4 x 1 x 3/4 = 9/32 4. II-6, 2/3; IV-1, 1 5. Primary Sex Ratio: ratio of males to females at conception. Secondary Sex Ratio: ratio of males to females at birth. Tertiary Sex Ratio: ratio of males to females at any time after birth. 6. Female cats have two chromosomes and male cats have one X chromosome. Since the gene/locus for coat color in cats is on the X chromosome, male cats have only one coat color gene and thus are one solid color. Since female cats have two X chromosomes they can be heterozygous for coat color. Depending on which X is active in a given cell (the other X being an inactive Barr body) coat color patches are possible. A male with a calico coat color pattern would have to be XXY, and would be sterile. 7. Difference: Spermatogenesis yields four functional sperm produced from one primary spermatocyte; Oogenesis produces only one egg from one primary Oocyte along with three non-functional polar bodies. 8. 1 - Meiosis produces gametes containing the haploid numbers of chromosomes. 2 Meiosis makes genetic recombination possible through crossing over and independent segregation. 9. Meiosis I is where crossing over between homologous chromosomes occurs, as well as reduction in chromosomes # from 46 to 23. Meiosis II is similar to Mitosis in that sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles of the cell. 10. An antigen is a substance that is capable of stimulating the production of a specific antibody. An antibody is a specific complex protein made in response to the entry and recognition of a "foreign" antigen. ANSWER KEY FOR TEST #2 – October 20, 2004 1.a. –Japanese cities bombed in World War II -20 fold increase in leukemia among survivors (somatic mutations) -Increase in chromosome aberrations -Increase in birth defects for babies who were in utero at time of bombing b. –XY chromosomes but more so female than male -Abdominally located testes, but testosterone produced in their testes fails to be activated -X-linked recessive -Female physical features but psychosexual orientation c. –Spermatagonia multiply by mitosis -Involves 2 meiotic divisions over 64-78 days to form sperm cells -4 functional sperm produced from one primary spermatocyte -One or more billion sperm produced weekly d. –Dr. McKenzie’s female cat with mosaic coat color due to a heterozygous genotype for X-linked coat color gene and inactivation of one X in some cells; the other X in others -Due to Barr body inactivation e. –Genes on the same chromosome are said to be linked -Due to linkage, many genes are transmitted as a single unit -Crossing over can occur in between linked genes f. –The ratio of males to females at birth – 105:100 worldwide 2.a. T b. F – sex-limited c. F – ovaries or testes d. T e. T f. T 3. 2 x 1 x 1 x 2 = 4 1x2x2x2=8 2 x 2 x 2 x 4 = 32 1 x 2 x 2 x 4 = 16 1 x ½ x ½ x ¼ = 1/16 ½ x ½ x ½ x ¼ = 1/32 4. a. A b. I c. J d. G e. E f. C 5. a. No b. Yes c. any that contain “BD” or “bd” along with either A or a and either C or c d. 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 = 16 6. a. B b. B c. C d. D e. F f. D 7. a. influenced b. Non-bald c. Bb d. ¼ e. 3/8 8. a. aa b. Non-Achondroplastic c. Aa d. ½ e. ¼ 9. 4 points each for a well-thought out, thorough explanation of any of the given choices ANSWER KEY FOR TEST #2 – March 18, 2004 1.a. –The proportion of individuals which show the phenotype expected from a given genotype -An all or none effect. Ex. If a gene always produces its characteristic phenotype it is said to be 100% penetrant b. –Process of sperm production -Germ cells -> spermatagonium -> 1º spermatocyte -> 2º spermatocyte -> 4 spermatids -> 4 sperm cells c. –Gene in the Y chromosome which activates other genes -Ex. Sets in motion sex development…male when present, female when absent -Causes ovotestes to become testes d. –Dr. McKenzie’s presentation to the Watauga Club on genetic mutations -> due to environmental/mutagen/carcinogen/teratogen conditions or exposure e. –Type of point mutation – submicroscopic change in DNA -When one base pair is replaced by another f. –“Penis at age 12” -Sex ambiguity at birth -46 chromosomes – XY -X-linked or autosomal recessive 2. 2 x 1 x 1 x 2 = 4 1x2x2x2=8 2 x 2 x 2 x 4 = 32 1 x 2 x 2 x 4 = 16 1 x ½ x ½ x ¼ = 1/16 ½ x ½ x ½ x ¼ = 1/32 3.a. F - 32 b. F – locus c. F – 1/900 d. F – sex-limited e. T f. T 4.a. Hh b. HY c. ½ = 50% d. 100% 5. Testicular Feminization - Example of intersexual or pseudohermaphrodite individual. Although they appear to be female, they have XY sex chromosomes, and testes located in their abdomen. Faulty gene is in the X chromosome, resulting in sex developmental confusion. Klinefelter Syndrome – (XXY) – 47 chromosomes total (an extra sex chromosome) results in a sterile make with some female features. Turner Syndrome – (XO) – 45 chromosomes total (missing a sex chromosome) results in a sterile female 6.a. A b. A c. B d. A e. A f. D 7.a. B b. C c. D d. F e. A f. G 8.a. sex-influenced (or sex-conditioned) b. Not bald c. Bb d. ¼ = 25% 9. a Draw diagram b. FfLl c. freckles, free ear lobes d. ½ or 50% 10. Specific and detailed examples from the video.