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Basic Medical Sciences Module Co-ordinator : Dr Aoife Gowran- [email protected] MSc Bioengineering MSc Physical Sciences in Medicine JS Biomedical Engineering MSc Health Informatics MSc Medical Device Design Module Learning Objectives • Describe the basic functions of the human body • Define anatomy and physiology of the human body • Be familiar with medical terminology • Appreciate the mechanisms of disease (e.g., diabetes, ageing etc.) • Give examples of disease symptoms, diagnosis criteria and medical intervention • Integration into your own discipline Learning Methods Lectures Specialist lectures Lab visits* Student seminars Timetable Every Friday 2-6pm, Michaelmas term Full TT in your module descriptor Lecture notes Blackboard http://mymodule.tcd.ie/ Department of Physiology website https://medicine.tcd.ie/physiology/student/ Also in my GET folder gowrana For instructions on how to gain access to GET folders see: http://www.tcd.ie/iss/internet/getput_access.php Learning tools: Books Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood 2010 Brooks & Cole, Hamilton, Lending S-LEN 612 M98*6;4-18, John Stearne, Lending SJ 612 M98*6;1-6 Fundamentals of anatomy & physiology by Martini, Nath & Bartholomew, John Stearne, Lending SJ 611 M91*8 Wheater's functional histology: a text & colour atlas by Burkitt, Young & Heath, Hamilton, Lending S-LEN 599 +L93*4;1-16 Essential cell biology by Bruce Alberts et al., Hamilton, Lending S-LEN 574.87 N82*2;1-14 Gray's anatomy for students by Drake et al., Hamilton, Lending S-LEN 611 P5*1;6, John Stearne, Lending SJ 611 P5*1 Learning tools: Websites http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/ http://www.nature.com/nature/index.html http://www.ted.com http://www.thenakedscientists.com/HTML/articles/medicine/ http://medgadget.com Assessment - 2 Parts ****NB FOR MSc STUDENTS ONLY! NB*** 1. Student seminars (50%) • Topic is negotiated • 15 Minute Talk and 5 mins Q&A session (total 20 mins) • Provide the following in hard copy on the day: 1. Print out of slides (1 copy) Seminar I 2nd November Seminar II 7th December Assessment ****NB FOR MSc STUDENTS ONLY! NB*** 2. Seminar paper (50%) 21st January 2013 • Topic is chosen from the BMS student seminars (NOT YOUR OWN) • MAX 4,000 words • Provided in hard copy only (Physiology Dept. Office) • Integration of relevant BMS information (20%) • Coherency for a non-expert audience (10%) HAND IN by 21st January 2013 Assessment ****NB FOR JS Biomedical Engineering STUDENTS ONLY! NB*** Written exam in Trinity term, 2h 2 sections: 1. written section consisting of short-answer questions (60%) 2. multiple-choice/fill in the blanks section (40%) Questions before we start? Levels of Organization 4. Organ 3. Tissue 2. Cellular Structural & Functional specialization 1. Fundamental chemical TISSUES OF THE BODY A group of cells functioning together is a TISSUE Interstitial fluid vs plasma extracellular fluid Tissue types function dependent on structure structure dependent on protein composition 1. NEURAL - neurones 3. MUSCLE - myocytes Blood Ciliated Simple Stratified Bone squamous cuboidal columnar 2. EPITHELIUM - epithelial Cartilage 4. Connective tissues Nervous tissue – Consists of cells specialized for initiating and transmitting electrical impulses – Found in brain, spinal cord, and nerves Epithelial tissue – Consists of cells specialized for exchanging materials between the cell and its environment – Organized into two general types of structures • Epithelial sheets • Secretory glands Muscle tissue – Specialized for contracting which generate tension and produce movement • Stirated (skeletal & cardiac) • Smooth muscle (stomach, blood vessels) Connective tissue – Connects, supports, and anchors various body parts – Distinguished by having relatively few cells dispersed within an abundance of extracellular material – Examples: Blood, Bone, Cartilage Organs A group of different tissues joined together acting in unison in order to exert a common function(s) Organs co-operate together Take for example the stomach…… Example: Stomach (all 4 10 tissue types) - Inside of stomach lined with epithelial tissue - Wall of stomach contains smooth muscle - Nervous tissue in stomach controls muscle contraction and gland secretion - Connective tissue binds all the above tissues together Integration of organ function Ch. 1 Sherwood 6. Organism Level 5. Systems Body Systems • Groups of organs that perform related functions • Interact to accomplish a common activity • Essential to survival of the whole body • Do not act in isolation from one another • Human body has 11 systems Body Systems • Circulatory System • Immune System • Digestive System • Nervous System • Respiratory System • Endocrine System • Urinary System • Integumentary System • Skeletal System • Reproductive System • Muscular System ? Adaptive significance of functional organ systems Homeostasis Amoeba Multi cellular organism Homeostasis • Defined as maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment – Does not mean that composition, temperature, and other characteristics are absolutely unchanging • Homeostasis is essential for survival and function of all cells • Each cell contributes to maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment Homeostasis Factors homeostatically regulated include • Concentration of nutrient molecules • Concentration of O2 and CO2 • Concentration of waste products • pH • Concentration of water, salt & other electrolytes • Volume and pressure • Temperature Role of Body Systems in Homeostasis Role of Body Systems in Homeostasis Homeostatic Control Systems • Control systems are grouped into two classes – Intrinsic controls • Local controls that are inherent in an organ – Extrinsic controls • Regulatory mechanisms initiated outside an organ • Accomplished by nervous and endocrine systems Maintenance relies on: • Detection of deviation • Integration of this info • Re-adjustments to restore balance Disruptions in Homeostasis • Can lead to illness and death • Pathophysiology – Failure to detect deviations from the norm – Failure to integrate this info into a reaction – Failure to make required adjustments An introduction to cellular physiology Cells are living building blocks of all multicellular organisms Chapter 2-Cellular Physiology ‘Human Physiology’, Sherwood Principles of the Cell Theory THE CELL IS THE BASIC UNIT OF LIFE • All new cells and new life arise only from preexisting cells • Cells of all organisms are fundamentally similar in structure and function • An organism’s structure and function depends on individual and collective structural characteristics and functional capabilities of its cells Basic Cell Functions • Control exchange of materials between cell & surrounding environment • Sensing and responding to changes in surrounding environment • Reproduction – Exception, Nerve cells and muscle cells lose their ability to reproduce during their early development Basic functions of cell cont’d • chemical production of energy (ATP) • obtains O2/nutrients from surrounding environment • eliminates waste materials from cell • manufacture new proteins Bone Progeniter cells DIFFERENTIATION Muscle Specialist functions of cell Sperm • Bone cells deposit calcified matrix • Muscle cells contract 5µm Neuronal • Sperm cells travel great distances • Neuronal cells transmit electrochemical signals 400µm • All cells contain the same genes • Different cell types “switch on/off” different genes • Express (make) different proteins • Allows different cell types to have specific functions - muscle cells contract - bone cell deposit extracellular matrix - cells lining GI tract secrete digestive enzymes ‘Typical’ Eukaryotic Cell Ultrastructure of mammalian cell Nucleus • Largest single organized cell component • Enclosed by a double-layered nuclear envelope • Stores genetic material (genes) in the form of DNA • Acts as a central control-point of cell function • Dictates which proteins should be made by cell DNA - deoxyribonucleic acid Watson, Crick, Franklin Nucleic acid bases A -adenosine T -tyrosine (uracil in mRNA) G -guanine C -cytosine DNA packaging Chromosomes: Long DNA linear molecule associated with proteins that pack & fold it into more compact form • 46 in human (23 pairs) • Carry genes in association with proteins • Each gene codes for a protein • 20,000-25, 000 genes Making new proteins Flow of genetic material DNA transcription RNA New Protein SPECIFIC FUNCTION translation Happens within the cell involves action of several Enzymes RNAs Proteins The genetic code Active proteins Protein folding Post translational modification 1 Primary aa seq 3 Tertiary folded peptide 2 Secondary αβ helices 4 Quaternary folded POLYpeptides Cytoplasm Includes all material inside the cell except the nucleus 3 Components 1. Cytosol - intracellular fluid; semi gelatinous, contains nutrients and proteins, ions and waste products. 2. Inclusions - particles of insoluble material; direct contact with cytosol e.g.,protein fibers, ribosomes and proteasomes. 3. Organelles - membrane bound compartments; play specific roles in the function of the cell e.g., production of energy Several ORGANELLES are contained within the cytoplasm Membranous: Mitochondria Endoplasmic reticulum Golgi complex Lysosomes Peroxisomes Non-membranous: ribosomes, cytoskeleton Mitochondria Small spherical; double membrane Outer & inner membrane Folded into leaflets - cristae Central lumen – mt Matrix Inter membrane space • Energy organelle – Major site of ATP (adenosine triphosphate) production – Contains enzymes for citric acid cycle and electron transport chain ATP is used by the cell for cellular processes: - Movement/Mechanical work - Transport of molecules against a concentration gradient - Biochemical reactions - Synthesis of new chemical compounds Endoplasmic reticulum Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) • Elaborate fluid-filled membranous system distributed throughout the cytosol • Primary function – Protein and lipid manufacture • Two types – Rough ER (protein synthesis) • Projects outward from smooth ER as stacks of relatively flattened sacs • Surface has attached ribosomes – Smooth ER (lipid synthesis) • Mesh of tiny interconnected tubules Golgi complex Golgi Complex • Closely associated with ER • Consists of a stack of flattened, slightly curved, membrane-enclosed sacs called cisternae • Number of Golgi complexes per cell varies with the cell type • Functions “Protein post production” – Processes raw materials (RER) into finished products – Sorts and directs finished products to their final destinations – Packages secretory vesicles to release by exocytosis Lysosomes & Peroxisomes Lysosomes Cytoplasmic vesicle, high pH Contain digestive enzymes Function Digestive system of the cell They breakdown old worn out organelles, bacteria, abnormal proteins Products of digestion can be reused Cytoskeleton Microtubules Micro filaments Intermediate filaments Functions Cell shape Internal organization Intracellular transport Assembly of cells into tissues Movement Element Function • Transport secretory vesicles • Movement of specialized cell projections • Form mitotic spindle during cell division • Contain Tubulin protein Microfilaments • Contractile systems • Mechanical stiffeners • Contain 2 chains of Actin protein Intermediate • Help resist mechanical stress • Contain Keratin filaments Microtubules Plasma Membrane Plasma Membrane Structure • Fluid lipid bilayer embedded with proteins – Most abundant lipids are phospholipids • Polar end of phospholipid is hydrophilic • Nonpolar end of phospholipid is hydrophobic • Also has small amount of carbohydrates – On outer surface only • Cholesterol – Tucked between phospholipid molecules – Contributes to fluidity and stability of cell membrane Plasma Membrane • Extremely thin layer of lipids and protein that forms outer boundary of every cell • Controls movement of molecules between the cell and its environment • Participates in joining cells to form tissues and organs • Plays important role in the ability of a cell to respond to changes in the cell’s environment Cell-To-Cell Adhesions • Adhesions bind groups of cells into tissues and package them into organs • Once arranged, cells are held together by three different means Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) - Plasma membranes temporary adhesion Extracellular matrix - Major types of protein fibers interwoven in matrix Specialised cell junctions - more permanent adhesion EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX (ECM) • Secreted by cells - biological “glue” • Meshwork of fibrous proteins in a watery gel-like substance composed of carbohydrate 1. COLLAGEN tensile strength 2. ELASTIN allows stretch and recoil 3. FIBRONECTIN cell adhesion holds cell in position Bone - hard extracellular matrix Skin -flexible Lung - elastic Specialized Cell Junctions • Three types of specialized cell junctions – Desmosomes – Tight junctions (impermeable junctions) – Gap junctions (communicating junctions) Desmosomes • Act like “spot rivets” that anchor two closely adjacent nontouching cells • Most abundant in tissues that are subject to considerable stretching Tight junctions • Firmly bond adjacent cells together • Seal off the passageway between cells • Found primarily in sheets of epithelial tissue • Prevent undesirable leaks within epithelial sheets Gap junctions • Small connecting tunnels formed by connexons • Especially abundant in cardiac and smooth muscle • In other tissues: permit unrestricted passage of small nutrient molecules between cells • Also serve as method for direct transfer of small signaling molecules from one cell to the next Blisters Stress shears the proteins connecting the different layers in the skin separate Cell Fates Apoptosis Cell Renewal Cell death Necrosis Tissue homeostasis (remodelling) Blastocyst (totipotent) Stem cells Neural stem cells Learning outcomes • Define: homeostasis, differentiation using egs • Describe the form and function of the 4 tissues • Recall the intracellular structures • Know the function of each • Understand how cells are held together • Show an appreciation of pathology of intracellular structures. • Be aware of the different cell fate options