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Transcript
Billions of years ago, the first life appeared on planet Earth. It was a single cell, formed when phospholipids came together to form a __________________. This structure surrounded the cell and protected it from the outside. Inside the cell, floating around in the cytoplasm, were ribosomes, which make __________________, and of course, the molecule which contains genetic instructions for the cell: __________________. Define phospholipids: Define ribosomes: Define cytoplasm: This first, original cell was a prokaryotic cell. It was a __________________ organism, which means it was made up of only one cell. Also, it reproduced by __________________, which means it made an identical copy of itself. In order to do this, it had to copy its DNA first in a process called __________________. Because DNA is double-stranded, it first used an enzyme called __________________ to break apart the hydrogen bonds which were holding the two strands together. Then a second enzyme called __________________ added new nucleotides to replicate the DNA strands. Define prokaryotic cell: Define hydrogen bonds: Even though every new cell was identical to the cell before it, random mutations occurred at each generation, slightly changing the DNA instructions. Over many generations, cells began to look very different from each other. Some cells had thylakoids, or thin, green membranes, which allowed them to convert solar energy into chemical energy in a process called __________________. Eventually, other prokaryotic cells swallowed up these green bacteria. Instead of digesting these bacteria, however, the host cell kept them inside a membrane called an organelle so that they too could have chemical energy from solar energy. These membrane-bound organelles which are capable of performing photosynthesis and which have thylakoids inside are today known as __________________. Define mutations: Define thylakoids: Define organelle: These cells had other organelles besides chloroplasts, however. They also had a __________________, which is an organelle that stores DNA, an endoplasmic reticulum, which makes new membranes, and lysosomes, which store and break down waste like a trash can. Just like they did with the chloroplasts, they also swallowed up ATP-producing bacteria and kept them in a membrane, which became an organelle called the __________________. These cells, which were large and contain membrane-bound organelles, are called __________________ cells. Define endoplasmic reticulum: Define lysosomes: Define membrane-bound organelles: Thus, the first eukaryotic cells were plant cells. They performed photosynthesis and began to clump together to become __________________, or organisms with more than one cell. In addition, they began exchanging DNA with each other in a process called __________________. Some plants became males and contributed sperm, while other plants became females and contributed eggs. This allowed for more variation because, unlike in asexual reproduction, every generation looked different than the previous generation. After many generations, these plants evolved flowers, which would become the reproductive organs of the cell. Sperm became pollen, and eggs became embedded in the flower. Thus pollination is actually the process of plants having sex! Define variation: After many more generations, some plants lost their chloroplasts and became mobile. These new organisms were the first animals. Jellyfish first evolved, then fish, then amphibians such as frogs, then reptiles, and then mammals. Of the mammals, humans evolved approximately two million years ago. All life on Earth today started from that original prokaryotic cell, and therefore all life contains DNA. Now life interacts in __________________, which contain both biotic factors as well as abiotic factors such as water and air. Many symbiotic relationships exist between living organisms, such as __________________, where one organism benefits and the other is neither harmed nor benefited, and __________________, in which both organisms benefit. Define abiotic factors: Define symbiotic relationships: DNA replication plasma/cell membrane DNA polymerase Word Bank: sexual reproduction DNA asexual reproduction eukaryotic nucleus multicellular chloroplasts mitochondria photosynthesis ecosystems unicellular commensalism mutualism helicase proteins DNA replication plasma/cell membrane DNA polymerase Word Bank: sexual reproduction DNA asexual reproduction eukaryotic nucleus multicellular chloroplasts mitochondria photosynthesis ecosystems unicellular commensalism mutualism helicase proteins DNA replication plasma/cell membrane DNA polymerase Word Bank: sexual reproduction DNA asexual reproduction eukaryotic nucleus multicellular chloroplasts mitochondria photosynthesis ecosystems unicellular commensalism mutualism helicase proteins DNA replication plasma/cell membrane DNA polymerase Word Bank: sexual reproduction DNA asexual reproduction eukaryotic nucleus multicellular chloroplasts mitochondria photosynthesis ecosystems unicellular commensalism mutualism helicase proteins DNA replication plasma/cell membrane DNA polymerase Word Bank: sexual reproduction DNA asexual reproduction eukaryotic nucleus multicellular chloroplasts mitochondria photosynthesis ecosystems unicellular commensalism mutualism helicase proteins DNA replication plasma/cell membrane DNA polymerase Word Bank: sexual reproduction DNA asexual reproduction eukaryotic nucleus multicellular chloroplasts mitochondria photosynthesis ecosystems unicellular commensalism mutualism helicase proteins DNA replication plasma/cell membrane DNA polymerase Word Bank: sexual reproduction DNA asexual reproduction eukaryotic nucleus multicellular chloroplasts mitochondria photosynthesis ecosystems unicellular commensalism mutualism helicase proteins DNA replication plasma/cell membrane DNA polymerase Word Bank: sexual reproduction DNA asexual reproduction eukaryotic nucleus multicellular chloroplasts mitochondria photosynthesis ecosystems unicellular commensalism mutualism helicase proteins DNA replication plasma/cell membrane DNA polymerase Word Bank: sexual reproduction DNA asexual reproduction eukaryotic nucleus multicellular chloroplasts mitochondria photosynthesis ecosystems unicellular commensalism mutualism helicase proteins
