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4th Nine Weeks Benchmark Study Guide
CHAPTER 21
1. What is a light-year?
2. What are 5 characteristics used to classify stars?
3. What color are the coolest stars?
4. A star is born when ______________________ starts.
5. The lifetime of a star depends on its _________________________.
6. A supernova is the explosion of a dying ___________ - mass star.
7. The Milky Way galaxy is an example of a(n) ___________________ galaxy.
8. The absolute brightness of a star depends on its ___________________________________.
9. The Hertzsprung-Russell diagram shows that main-sequence stars _________________ in brightness as they
_________________ in temperature.
10. The force that tends to pull together the matter in stars is ________________________.
CHAPTER 14
11. Benthos are organisms that live where?
12. List three examples of nekton.
13. The part of the ocean that extends from the low-tide line to the edge of the continental shelf is the
_____________________ zone.
14. Kelp forests grow in the ____________________ zone.
15. Organisms in tide pools must survive changes in ____________________ caused by rainfall and evaporation.
16. In what zone are hydrothermal vents located?
17. In the open ocean, algae live only in the ________________________ zone.
18. Organisms in the deep ocean that produce their own light are called ____________________________.
19. A nearly flat region of the ocean floor, covered with thick layers of sediment, is called a(n)
____________________________________.
20. The area that stretches from the highest high-tide line on land out to the point on the continental shelf exposed by the
lowest low tide is called the _________________________________.
21. A ring-shaped reef surrounding a shallow lagoon is known as a(n) _______________________.
22. An area where ocean water rises through cracks in the ocean floor, having been heated by the magma beneath the
ocean floor, is called a(n) ________________________________.
23. Coral reefs are found in warm waters in the ______________________ zone.
24. Beyond the edge of the continental shelf lies the ____________________ zone, which includes the deepest and
darkest areas of the ocean.
25. Which ocean floor feature is made up of a range of mountains that wind through the ocean?
26. A deep canyon in the ocean floor is called a(n) _____________________.
27. Animals in the ____________________ zone must be able to survive periods of being exposed to air as well as
periods of being underwater.
28. Why is studying the ocean floor so difficult?
29. Free-swimming animals that can move throughout the water column are called _______________________.
30. A coastal inlet or bay in which freshwater from rivers mixes with salty ocean water is called a(n)
_________________________________.
31. The most common plant in a salt marsh is _________________________.
32. _______________ uses sound waves to measure the depth of the ocean floor.
33. Are diatoms and copepods examples of plankton, nekton, or benthos?
34. Are crabs, lobsters, and sponges examples of plankton, nekton, or benthos?
35. The organisms that form the base of most open-ocean food webs are _______________________.
36. Coastal wetlands that feature short, gnarled trees with arching prop roots are called ______________________.
37. Algae can only live in parts of the ocean that receive enough ____________________ to allow them to carry out
photosynthesis.
Label the parts of the ocean floor.
38. A - __________________________
42. E - __________________________
39. B - __________________________
43. F - __________________________
40. C - __________________________
44. G - __________________________
41. D - __________________________
BIOMES
45. The Great Plains are the _____________________ biome of the United States.
46. A _____________________ climate occurs where precipitation is less than potential evaporation.
47. Tropical grasslands that have distinct dry and wet seasons are called _________________________.
48. _________________________ climates are found along the coasts of continents in the temperate zone.
49. A cool type of climate called ____________________ is found at the tops of mountains and is surrounded by other
climate regions.
50. Tundra and ice cap biomes are examples of ____________________ climates.
51. Climates are classified according to what two major factors?
52. ____________________ are forests that have year-round heat and heavy rainfall.
53. Permafrost and mosses, lichens, and wildflowers are common in which biome?
54. A rain forest biome exists in the United States only in _________________.
55. Trees do not grow in the ____________________, which has short, cool summers, bitterly cold winters, and
permafrost.
56. Regions that receive less than 10 inches of rain annually are called ________________________________.