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WHAT IS ORGANIC
CHEMISTRY?
the chemistry of carbon compounds
Remember, the element symbol for carbon is C
So, an organic compound is one that has carbon in it
Which of the following compounds are organic?
NH4
H2 0
C6H12O6
HCl
CH4
Structure of Organic Molecules
carbon can bond to itself to form CHAINS &
RINGS
the chemical bonds between carbon atoms are covalent
bonds (nonmetal + nonmetal)
H
Ex. C6H12O6
H C OH
H C OH
H C OH
ring
chain
H C OH
H C OH
H C OH
H
HO
covalent
bond
CH2 OH
H
C
C
O
H
OH H
C
C
H
OH
C
H
OH
WHAT IS BIOCHEMISTRY?
the chemistry of LIFE
Remember, the elements found in all living
things include Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen,
Oxygen, Phosphorus, and Sulfur (CHNOPS)
Thus, biochemistry involves carbon
compounds.
BIOCHEMISTRY: TERMS TO KNOW
macromolecule: a very LARGE molecule
(“macro” = large)
monomer = the basic subunit of a
macromolecule
polymer = many monomers joined together by
covalent bonds
macromolecules are polymers
MONOMERS & POLYMERS
monomer
monomer
monomer
monomer
monomer
}
POLYMER
4 CLASSES OF MACROMOLECULES
1. Carbohydrates
2. Lipids
3. Proteins
4. Nucleic Acids
macromolecule
carbohydrates
lipids
monomer(s)
polymer(s)
examples
monosaccharides polysaccharides
starch, cellulose,
chitin, glycogen,
sugars
1) glycerol
2) fatty acids
fats, oils, waxes
fats, oils, waxes,
steroids,
phospholipids
proteins
amino acids
polypeptide
hemoglobin, insulin,
keratin, elastin,
collagen
nucleic acids
nucleotides
DNA & RNA
DNA & RNA
macromolecules
food examples
carbohydrates
bread, pasta, cereal, fruit, potatoes, carrots,
candy, juice, soda, beans, rice, grains
lipids
butter, lard, cooking oil, full-fat dairy
products (whole milk), nuts, fish oil
proteins
meat, beans, fish, tofu, eggs, dairy
products, nuts
nucleic acids
nucleic acids are in your food, but have no
nutritional value; thus, they are not on food labels,
nor are they measured
CARBOHYDRATES
•contain the elements Carbon, Hydrogen, and
Oxygen
•provide the body with short-term energy
•carbohydrates include sugars, starches, cellulose,
chitin, and glycogen
•foods rich in carbohydrates include bread, pasta,
potatoes, bananas, carrots, candy
CARBOHYDRATES
Which of the following are carbohydrates?
H
H C OH
H C OH
CH2 OH
H C OH
H C OH
H C OH
H C OH
H
H
HO
C
C
O
H
OH H
C
C
H
OH
C
H
OH
CARBOHYDRATES:
Monomers & Polymers
• monomers of carbohydrates are called
monosaccharides (“single-sugar”)
• two monosaccharides joined together =
disaccharide (“double-sugar”)
• polymer = polysaccharide (many
monosaccharides joined together)
• many carbohydrate names end in “-ose” such
as “lactose”
Monosaccharides
&
Disaccharides
# of
monosaccharides
1
2
Examples
Chemical
Formula
glucose,
monosaccharide fructose,
galactose
C6H12O6
generalized name
disaccharide
lactose,
maltose, C12H22O11
sucrose
CARBOHYDRATES:
Monosaccharides
•
•
•
all have the same chemical formula: C6H12O6
they differ in the arrangement of atoms
they are ISOMERS: molecules with the same formula
but different structure
Examples
•
•
•
glucose-important energy source
fructose-sugar from fruit
galactose-sugar from milk
CARBOHYDRATES: Disaccharides
•
•
•
all have the same chemical formula: C12H22O11
they are ISOMERS of each other
they can only be absorbed into the intestine & blood stream
when they are broken down into their monomers
(monosaccharides) by enzymes
Examples
•
•
•
maltose = glucose + glucose: malt sugar
lactose = glucose + galactose: milk sugar
•
people who are lactose intolerant lack the enzyme
lactase that breaks up the sugar into
monosaccharides
sucrose = glucose + fructose: table sugar
CARBOHYDRATES: Disaccharides
glucose
Maltose
+
glucose
!
glucose
glucose
CARBOHYDRATES: Disaccharides
glucose
Sucrose
+
fructose
!
glucose
fructose
CARBOHYDRATES: Disaccharides
glucose
Lactose
+
galactose
!
glucose
galactose
CARBOHYDRATES:
Polysaccharides
• many monosaccharides bonded together
(300-1000)
Types:
• Starch
• Glycogen
• Cellulose
• Chitin
POLYSACCHARIDES: STARCH
• plants make glucose by photosynthesis and
extra glucose is stored as starch
• found in plant roots & seeds: potatoes, corn,
rice, wheat
• animals have enzymes to break down starch into
monosaccharides for absorption
POLYSACCHARIDES: CELLULOSE
• structural polysaccharide: makes up plant cell
walls
• we cannot digest it; indigestible fiber is excreted
POLYSACCHARIDES: GLYCOGEN
• animals store extra carbs in the liver and
muscle cells as glycogen
POLYSACCHARIDES:
CHITIN
• pronounced “Kite-In”
• makes up the exoskeletons of arthropods:
insects, crustaceans, arachnids (spiders)
• we cannot digest it