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Abnormal Behavior AP Psych Unit 12 DO NOW • Pick up an orange handout from the podium. • Choose a partner and find a pen or pencil • Wait for directions CASE STUDY WALKABOUT • WITH YOUR PARTNER, YOU WILL WALK ABOUT AND READ THE CASE STUDIES THROUGOHUT THE CLASSROOM. • Note the case study # and write info on that row of your orange handout • You do not have to go in any particular order…just go to any available case study and read it • USING YOUR PRIOR KNOWLEDGE, YOU WILL NOTE SYMPTOMS. • READ EACH CASE STUDY ALOUD, DISCUSS SYMPTOMS AND MAKE AN EDCUATED GUESS AS TO WHAT EACH DISORDER MAY BE. • YOU HAVE 30 MINUTES TO COMPLETE AS MANY AS POSSIBLE* • Note: do not have to finish all, just be thorough. To study the abnormal is the best way of understanding the normal. -William James 1.THERE ARE 450 MILLION PEOPLE SUFFERING FROM PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS (WHO, 2004). 1.DEPRESSION AND SCHIZOPHRENIA EXIST IN ALL CULTURES OF THE WORLD. People are fascinated by the exceptional, the unusual, the abnormal. This fascination can be due to two reasons: 1.During various moments we feel, think and act like an abnormal individual. 1.Psychological disorders may bring unexplained physical symptoms, irrational fears, and suicidal thoughts to light and help make sense of them. Mental health workers view psychological disorders as persistently harmful thoughts, feelings and action. When behavior is deviant, distressful, and dysfunctional (and dangerous) psychiatrists and psychologists label it as disordered (Comer, 2004). 1.Deviant -- goes against the norm of behavior (may be abnormal in one culture, but normal in another) 2.Distressful – cause the person (or others) distress…it disturbs them 3.Dysfunctional – must cause dysfunction in the person’s life (alter daily life) 4.Dangerous – cause harm to self or others 5. Unjustifiable – not reasonable Carol Beckwith In Wodaabe tribe men wear costumes to attract women. In Western society this would be considered abnormal. (Mis)Understanding Disorders Trephination • Exorcism • Imprisoned/Caged • Beaten • Burned • Castrated/Mutilated • Sterilized HITSORICAL PERSPECTIVES: Demonology Hippocrates Understanding Disorders – Which School? • Psychoanalytic • Product of unconscious conflicts among id, ego, & superego • Behavioral • Learned • Biological • Humanistic • Person’s feelings, selfesteem & self-concept • Cognitive • Faulty, illogical & negative ways of thinking • Caused by hormonal or chemical imbalances, structural differences, or inherited predispositions. Assumes that biological, socio-cultural, and psychological factors combine and interact to produce psychological disorders. When physicians discovered that syphilis led to mental disorders, the medical model started looking at physical causes of these disorders. 1.Etiology: Causation and development of the disorder. 2.Diagnosis: Identifying (symptoms) and distinguishing one disease from another. 3.Treatment: Treating a disorder in a psychiatric hospital. 4.Prognosis: Forecast about the disorder. DSM CATEGORIES OF DISORDERS • Anxiety Disorders • Somatoform Disorders • Dissociative Disorders • Mood or Affective Disorders • Schizophrenic Disorders • Personality Disorders • Substance abuse disorders • Disorders usually diagnosed in childhood AXES OF THE DSM • Axes of the DSM 1. primary problem (e.g. bipolar disorder) 2. related personality characteristics (e.g. pessimism) 3. medical conditions (e.g. cancer) 4. social/environmental factors (e.g. divorce) 5. global assessment of functioning MAJOR CATEGORIES OF “PRIMARY PROBLEMS” IN DSM • disorders usually diagnosed in infancy • delirium, dementia, and other cognitive disorders • substance-related disorders • schizophrenia • mood disorders • anxiety disorders • eating disorders • somatoform disorders • dissociative disorders • sexual/gender identity disorders • impulse control disorders • personality disorders Classifying Disorders DSM 5 (2013) • Outlines symptoms & conditions by which mental illness is diagnosed • Axis system discontinued • Replaced with 0-4 severity ratings • Renamed, re-organized, new disorders • Video – What DSM 5 Means 1.Describe (400) disorders. 2.Indicate how prevalent the disorder is. Disorders outlined by DSM-IV-TR are reliable thus diagnosis by different professional are similar…keeps all psychologists on the same page. Others criticize DSM-IV-TR for “putting any kind of behavior within the compass of psychiatry.” PROBLEMS WITH THE DSM • over diagnosis, confusion with non-disordered behaviors (e.g. controversy over ADHD) o there are standards and criteria behaviors must meet in order to be included in the DSM, operational definitions for disorders are included, and the document is periodically reviewed • negative effects of labeling (see the Rosenhan study, 1973) o the psychological community tries to educate people to reduce the stigma associated with labels • “illusion” of subjectivity (Thomas Szasz’s objections) o reliability studies indicate that the DSM increases the reliability of diagnoses. Culture-bound disorders are included in the latest DSM. MATERIALS FOR UNIT 8 • Reading guide—READING GUIDE 8A due next class • Overview, schedule and vocab. Note VOCAB QUIZ DATES! • Psych disorders review—use daily w/reading guide and/or with class activities. Due at end of unit. • Sign ups for AP Exam Classifications & Labels • Labels stigmatize individuals • Rosenhan Study • Labels used incorrectly • Helpful for healthcare professionals • Issues in criminal system • No “willful intent” Warm Up • What is the value and what are the dangers of labeling individuals with disorders? DSM 5 Categories • Neurodevelopmental • Schizophrenia Spectrum & Other Psychotic • Elimination • Sleep-Wake • Bipolar & Related • Sexual Dysfunctions • Depressive • Paraphilic Disorders • Anxiety • Disruptive, Impulse Control & Conduct • Obsessive-Compulsive & Related • Trauma & StressorRelated • Dissociative • Substance Use & Addictive • Neurocognitive • Personality Anxiety Disorders Characteristics Subtypes • Feelings of excessiveAnxiety • Generalized apprehension & • Panic Disorder anxiety or • Phobias maladaptive behaviors that • Social Anxiety reduce anxiety. • Agoraphobia FORMER Anxiety Disorders OCD & Related • Obsession – thought • Compulsion • PTSD - Haunting behavior nightmares, memories, social withdrawal, anxiety, numbness, insomnia following traumatic experience. Trauma & Stress-Related • Body Dysmorphic • Acute Stress Disorder • Trichotillomania & Excoriation • Adjustment Disorder Explaining Anxiety Disorders LEARNING • Fear Conditioning • Natural Selection • Observational Learning • Genes BIOLOGICAL • The Brain • Cognition • Anterior Cingulate Cortex Depressive Disorders • Serious, persistent disturbances in person’s emotions. Characterized by emotional extremes • Major Depressive • Seasonal Affective • Premenstrual Dysphoric • Disruptive Mood Bipolar Disorders • Mood disorder with alterations between the hopelessness and lethargy or depression & the overexcited state of mania • Bipolar I • Bipolar II Explaining Mood Disorders BIOLOGICAL • Genetic Influences • Self-defeating beliefs • Depressed Brain SOCIAL-COGNITIVE • Serotonin (too little) • Negative • (Nor &)Epinephrine (too “explanatory styles” little) • Stable, global, internal = • Dopamine (too little) depression vs… • Acetylcholine (too much) Schizophrenia • Disorganized and delusional thinking, disturbed perceptions, and inappropriate emotions & behaviors • Psychosis – loss of contact w/reality “split mind” • Positive/Negative Symptoms • Delusions – false beliefs • Persecution • Grandeur • Hallucinations – false sensory experiences • Fragmented thought • Inappropriate emotions • Disorganized speech (word salad) • Catatonia – purposeless Explaining Schizophrenia • Brain Abnormalities • Psychological & Environmental • Dopamine Overactivity Factors • Abnormal Activity • Abnormal Structure • Maternal Virus (Flu) 2nd Trimester • Diathesis-stress model: Genetic predisposition increases risk – stressful life experience triggers episode Dissociative Disorder • Conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings. • Dissociative Amnesia • Fugue State • Dissociative Identity Somatic Disorders • Physical complaints or conditions caused by psychological factors. • Functional Neurological Symptom (Conversion) Personality Disorders • Inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning. • Antisocial PD • Borderline PD • ObsessiveCompulsive PD • Avoidant PD • Schizoid PD Neurodevelopmental Disorders • Conditions with onset in childhood & adolescence due to abnormal neural circuit development • Intellectual Disability • Dysfunctions in cognition, learning, • Motor/Tic Disorders • Autism Spectrum • AD/HD • Communication Disorders • Specific Learning http://holinergroup.com/news/mental-illness-infographic/ http://ig.bestmastersinpsychology.com/mentalillness.jpg Closure RISK FACTORS PROTECTIVE FACTORS For Next Time HOMEWORK PREPWORK • Vocab Cards